Fusarium culmorum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Brown Patch ◽  
Storage Rots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stable Manure ◽  
Unsterilized Soil ◽  
And Storage

Abstract A description is provided for Fusarium culmorum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Gramineae and a wide range of other plant species including the following families: Aizoaceae, Betulaceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Coniferae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Musaceae, Palmae, Rosaceae, Saxifragaceae, Solanaceae, Violaceae, Vitaceae. Also on fungi (Agaricus and Ustilago spp.) [Wollenweber & Reinking (1935), Gordon (34: 258; 38: 581; 40: 89) and Herb. IMI]. DISEASES: Causing cortical rots associated with a pre-emergence blight of seedlings, and a seedling blight, foot and root rot, and head blight of wheat, rye, oats and barley; also cob and stem rot of maize; brown patch of turf; foot rot of asparagus, carnation, leek and pea; and storage rots of apple, potato, sugar-beet and Galtonia bulbs. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, North America, Central America & West Indies, South America, Asia, Australasia, and Europe. TRANSMISSION: Mainly soil-borne but also in stable manure or compost containing infected straw (13: 23; 14: 735; 19: 649). Fusarium culmorum is a soil inhabitant possessing highly competitive saprophytic ability and unusual tolerance of antibiotic effects [see Garrett (1956, 1963); Rao (1959); 34: 147; 38: 577)]. It may occur in a viable condition in soil to a depth of 50 cm. (19: 11; 13: 23), and remain viable on wheat straw buried in unsterilized soil for 2 years (38: 509). The pathogen over-winters in both mycelial and conidial stages and is highly resistant to cold (17: 305, 306). Secondary infection by air-borne spores produced on lower nodes occurs in wet weather (3: 201; 7: 710; 9: 585), but these are not carried far and have not been recorded in traps (15: 384; 38: 319).

Plasmopara halstedii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plasmopara Halstedii ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Putative Origin

Abstract A description is provided for Plasmopara halstedii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Over 80 hosts from a wide range of genera in the Compositae have been reported, including wild and cultivated species of Helianthus. For lists see Leppik (1966) and Novotel'nova (1977). DISEASE: Downy mildew of sunflower (Helianthus annuus var. macrocarpus); the fungus is an obligately biotrophic plant pathogen. Leaves of infected plants develop chlorotic mottling which spreads from the veins near the petiole across the lamina, and increases in area and intensity as leaves age. Plants become stunted, having thin stems, very much smaller capitula without seeds, and smaller and darker roots. The disease is primarily systemic and mycelium can be found throughout the plant from roots to capitulum and achenes, in all except meristematic tissues. Under humid conditions, a white felt of sporangiophores develops on the undersurface of chlorotic areas. Localized secondary infection of the leaves and heads occasionally develops, resulting in spots, delimited by veins. Such secondary infection may also become systemic. Some infected plants show no disease symptoms, but produce lower yields of poorer quality seeds, which lose vitality and have lower germination rates (latent infection). Cotyledons are also infected causing damping-off in seed beds. A basal gall may also be produced. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Plasmopara halstedii is a fungus characteristic of the Americas, its putative origin, It has spread throughout Europe to parts of Africa and Asia, and has recently been reported from New Zealand. See CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases 286. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne oospores and mycelium (in systemically infected roots) overwinter, infecting subsequent crops. Sporangia form on the surface of infected seedling roots, releasing zoospores which encyst and germinate c root hairs of other seedlings, producing a systemic infection. Sporangia are dispersed by rain-splash from leaves, producing a secondary infection in plants up to the six-leaf stage, but infect only the apical growing points of olde plants. Transmission by oospores in seeds has been responsible for the spread of this fungus around the world, especially since these spores can germinate to produce only a latent infection in the host plant (53, 4545).

Fusarium solani. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
As Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cultivated Mushroom ◽  
Facultative Parasite ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
And Storage

Abstract A description is provided for Fusarium solani. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of hosts distributed among 66 families. DISEASE: A facultative parasite associated with wounds and other localized infections on hosts weakened by unfavourable conditions or by injuries from nematodes or infection by viruses or other fungi such as species of Phytophthora, Botryosphaeria, Macrophomina, Pyrenochaeta, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium. Causing damping-off of seedlings of many plants, including the cultivated mushroom (Agaricus); associated with a foot-rot of peas and other legumes, strawberry and sesame; a root rot of bean, red clover and other legumes, onion, cucumber, and citrus and a wilt of chill); a bark canker of swamp tupelo, yellow poplar and maple; and storage rot of apple, potato, kola and yam. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide in soil. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, increasing in incidence in cultivated soil and becoming dominant in partially sterilised soil (30: 365; 42: 298; 29: 55a). A soil inhabitant [see Stover (1962: 82) for comments on this species], viable in soil at depth of 40 cm, and persisting in the absence of the host for at least five years in naturally infected field soil as chlamylospores [Nash (1963); see also 38: 4; 39: 590]. May be spread to peas by rain splash in soil particles following injury from sand storms (33: 63). Also spread in irrigation water (34: 508; 37: 76).

scholarly journals Cyclotide host-defense tailored for species and environments in violets from the Canary Islands

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Blazej Slazak ◽  
Klara Kaltenböck ◽  
Karin Steffen ◽  
Martyna Rogala ◽  
Priscila Rodríguez-Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Cyclic Peptides ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Biological Assays ◽  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Common ◽  
Teide Volcano

AbstractCyclotides are cyclic peptides produced by plants. Due to their insecticidal properties, they are thought to be involved in host defense. Violets produce complex mixtures of cyclotides, that are characteristic for each species and variable in different environments. Herein, we utilized mass spectrometry (LC–MS, MALDI-MS), transcriptomics and biological assays to investigate the diversity, differences in cyclotide expression based on species and different environment, and antimicrobial activity of cyclotides found in violets from the Canary Islands. A wide range of different habitats can be found on these islands, from subtropical forests to dry volcano peaks at high altitudes. The islands are inhabited by the endemic Viola palmensis, V. cheiranthifolia, V. anagae and the common V. odorata. The number of cyclotides produced by a given species varied in plants from different environments. The highest diversity was noted in V. anagae which resides in subtropical forest and the lowest in V. cheiranthifolia from the Teide volcano. Transcriptome sequencing and LC–MS were used to identify 23 cyclotide sequences from V. anagae. Cyclotide extracts exhibited antifungal activities with the lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations noted for V. anagae (15.62 μg/ml against Fusarium culmorum). The analysis of the relative abundance of 30 selected cyclotides revealed patterns characteristic to both species and populations, which can be the result of genetic variability or environmental conditions in different habitats. The current study exemplifies how plants tailor their host defense peptides for various habitats, and the usefulness of cyclotides as markers for chemosystematics.

scholarly journals Recent Insights into Anthocyanin Pigmentation, Synthesis, Trafficking, and Regulatory Mechanisms in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Caryopsis

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enerand Mackon ◽  
Guibeline Charlie Jeazet Dongho Epse Mackon ◽  
Yafei Ma ◽  
Muhammad Haneef Kashif ◽  
Niyaz Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Pigmented Rice ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Natural Colorants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anthocyanin Production ◽  
And Storage

Anthocyanins are antioxidants used as natural colorants and are beneficial to human health. Anthocyanins contribute to reactive oxygen species detoxification and sustain plant growth and development under different environmental stresses. They are phenolic compounds that are broadly distributed in nature and are responsible for a wide range of attractive coloration in many plant organs. Anthocyanins are found in various parts of plants such as flowers, leaves, stems, shoots, and grains. Considering their nutritional and health attributes, anthocyanin-enriched rice or pigmented rice cultivars are a possible alternative to reduce malnutrition around the globe. Anthocyanin biosynthesis and storage in rice are complex processes in which several structural and regulatory genes are involved. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in the molecular and genetic mechanism of anthocyanins, and their synthesis is of great interest to researchers and the scientific community. However, limited studies have reported anthocyanin synthesis, transportation, and environmental conditions that can hinder anthocyanin production in rice. Rice is a staple food around the globe, and further research on anthocyanin in rice warrants more attention. In this review, metabolic and pre-biotic activities, the underlying transportation, and storage mechanisms of anthocyanins in rice are discussed in detail. This review provides potential information for the food industry and clues for rice breeding and genetic engineering of rice.

scholarly journals Evaluating milling and baking quality associated with a Fusarium head blight resistance-enhancing genome deletion in wheat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Garvin ◽  
Linda Dykes
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight Resistance ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Isogenic Line ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Baking Quality ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
End Use

AbstractWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding involves improvement of a wide range of traits. However, selection for these traits is only acceptable if the end use quality of the wheat is not compromised. In hard red spring wheat, the predominant end use of flour is bread. In this study, milling and baking quality characteristics were compared in the hard red spring wheat ‘Apogee’ and a near-isogenic line of Apogee (‘A30’) that contains a spontaneous segmental deletion of the long arm of chromosome arm 3DL that is associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium head blight caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe). Apogee and A30 were grown together in replicated greenhouse experiments, and the resultant grain was used to compare a diverse spectrum of grain characteristics and milling and baking properties of the grain in the two wheat genotypes. The major difference detected was a significant increase in protein content in A30, which had nearly 21% more flour protein than Apogee. This difference did not affect any of the flour properties or baking characteristics evaluated, suggesting that the increased protein concentrations in A30 are not associated with the principal seed storage properties associated with baking quality. These results indicate that despite the size of the deletion in A30, no key genes associated with end use quality are located on that chromosome segment. The deletion may therefore find use in efforts to enhance Fusarium head blight in hard red spring wheat.

Helminthosphaeria stuppea. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tsuga Mertensiana

Abstract A description is provided for Helminthosphaeria stuppea, which is apparently saprobic and able to colonize woody parts of a wide range of plants. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, habitats, dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (North America (USA (California, Colorado, Utah and Washington)), Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France and UK)) and hosts (including Tsuga mertensiana). No reports of negative economic impacts have been found.

Bactrocera papayae. [Distribution map].

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Fleshy Fruits ◽  
Irian Jaya ◽  
Christmas Island ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock Diptera: Tephritidae. Attacks a wide range of fleshy fruits and vegetables. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Brunei, Christmas Island, Indonesia, Bali, Flores, Java, Kalimantan, Lombok, Sulawesi, Sumbawa, Timor, Malaysia, Sabah, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, AUSTRALASIA, Australia, Queensland, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea.

Gibberella zeae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Water Droplets ◽  
Ascospore Discharge ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract A description is provided for Gibberella zeae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wheat, maize, barley, carnations and other ornamentals; also reported infecting Lycopersicon, Pisum, Trifolium and Solanum DISEASE: Seedling blight, pre-emergence and post-emergence blight, root and foot rot, brown rot, culm decay, head or kernel blight (scab or ear scab) of wheat, maize, barley and other cereals. Leaf and flower rot of carnations and other ornamentals. Also reported infecting species of Lycopersicon, Pisum, Trifolium and Solanum. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide on maize and rice in the tropics. Wheat, oats, barley and rye in temperate regions. TRANSMISSION: By planting infected or infested seeds or by planting in infested soil. Secondary infection occurs widely by water droplets under moist conditions or by ascospore discharge.

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