Sclerotinia fuckeliana. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Diseased Plant ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tropical Areas ◽  
Soft Fruit ◽  
Plant Produce ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Disease Epidemics

Abstract A description is provided for Sclerotinia fuckeliana. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Occurs both as a parasite and a saprophyte on a very wide range of host plants. DISEASE: Causes 'grey mould' or 'botrytis disease', a blight or rot of immature, fleshy or senescent tissues. Lesions develop as tan or brown water soaked areas, which may become greyish on drying out. The profuse grey brown sporulation of the fungus on old diseased tissue is characteristic. Rotting of perishable plant produce at harvest or in store causes large losses; can be particularly severe on soft fruit such as strawberries and grapes and vegetables such as cabbage, lettuce etc. Damping-off and basal leaf and stem rot result in severe damage to lettuce and flax. Blights of buds, blossom, leaves and stems may also occur on a wide range of hosts and the fungus has been implicated in dieback and canker formation on woody plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide, but most prevalent as a disease in humid temperate or sub-tropical areas. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are air-borne, but may be carried on the surface of rain splash droplets (41, 436). Diseased plant parts, on which sporulation is profuse in wet weather, are important sources of inoculum in disease epidemics. The fungus overwinters as sclerotia or as mycelium in old plant debris and may be seedborne as spores or mycelium on e.g. flax (37, 720).

Phoma medicaginis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Kinsey
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Main Host ◽  
Phoma Medicaginis ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Phoma medicaginis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Probably an opportunisitic pathogen and saprobe, while var. macrospora is more strongly pathogenic towards M. sativa. Contributory to causing (spring) black stem of forage legumes (mainly Medicago, possibly also Melilotus and Trifolium), involving seedling blight, stem canker, root rot and leaf spot. It develops as long dark lesions on petioles and stems, later encircling whole stems and spreading to cause crown and foot rot. HOSTS: On leaves, petioles, stems, roots and seeds of possibly a wide range of plants. However, many records require verification. The main host plant is Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), but also recorded on Melilotus and other Papilionaceae, including Arachis, Cicer, Glycine, Lathyrus, Lens, Phaseolus, Pisum, Trifolium, Trigonella, Vicia and Vigna. Non-leguminous host plants include Anacardium, Annona, Beta, Brassica, Chrysanthemum, Curcuma, Cyperus, Fragaria, Juniperus, Lycopersicon, Madhuca, Nicotiana, Phlox, Saccharum, Solanum, Striga, Themeda, Zea and Zinnia. Also reported from soil and indeterminate plant debris and from human scalp. While many records refer only to P. medicaginis s. lat., records for var. macrospora appear to indicate that it occurs more specifically on M. sativa. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Zambia, Zimbabwe. NORTH AMERICA: Canada, USA. CENTRAL AMERICA: West Indies. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina. ASIA: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Thailand. AUSTRALASIA: Australia, New Zealand. EUROPE: Denmark, Great Britain, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne on plant debris with infection of new plants by rain splash. Probably also seed-borne if pods become infected.

Fusarium solani. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
As Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cultivated Mushroom ◽  
Facultative Parasite ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
And Storage

Abstract A description is provided for Fusarium solani. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of hosts distributed among 66 families. DISEASE: A facultative parasite associated with wounds and other localized infections on hosts weakened by unfavourable conditions or by injuries from nematodes or infection by viruses or other fungi such as species of Phytophthora, Botryosphaeria, Macrophomina, Pyrenochaeta, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium. Causing damping-off of seedlings of many plants, including the cultivated mushroom (Agaricus); associated with a foot-rot of peas and other legumes, strawberry and sesame; a root rot of bean, red clover and other legumes, onion, cucumber, and citrus and a wilt of chill); a bark canker of swamp tupelo, yellow poplar and maple; and storage rot of apple, potato, kola and yam. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide in soil. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, increasing in incidence in cultivated soil and becoming dominant in partially sterilised soil (30: 365; 42: 298; 29: 55a). A soil inhabitant [see Stover (1962: 82) for comments on this species], viable in soil at depth of 40 cm, and persisting in the absence of the host for at least five years in naturally infected field soil as chlamylospores [Nash (1963); see also 38: 4; 39: 590]. May be spread to peas by rain splash in soil particles following injury from sand storms (33: 63). Also spread in irrigation water (34: 508; 37: 76).

Phytophthora palmivora. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Stamps
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Black Stripe ◽  
Root Rots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora palmivora. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A wide range; 138 species of economic, ornamental, shade and hedge plants were listed (48, 337-344). DISEASE: Black pod and canker of cacao; patch canker, black stripe and leaf fall of Hevea rubber; bud rot of coconut and other palms; fruit and stem rot of pawpaw; root rots and damping-off of seedlings. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide in tropical and warm temperature regions with high rainfall. TRANSMISSION: In cacao by direct contact between diseased and healthy pods, by rain splash from diseased pods, leaves and infested soil, and by insect vectors and ant tents. In rubber by rain. Soil as a source of inoculum for pawpaw root rot.

Corynebacterium michiganense. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Diseased Plant ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Nicotiana Glutinosa ◽  
Southern Rhodesia ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Corynebacterium michiganense[Clavibacter michiganensis]. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Lycopersicon esculentum and other species of Lycopersicon; also on Cyphomandra betacea, Nicotiana glutinosa, Solanum mammosum, S. muricatum, S. nigrum, (S. douglasii) and other species of Solanum. Natural infection on S. tuberosum has not been recorded. DISEASE: Bacterial canker of tomato. A vascular wilt disease in which splitting of the stems may occur with the formation of yellow or reddish-brown cavities in the pith. Corynebacterium michiganense is a phloem invader, causing wilt symptoms in its host most rapidly at high nutrient concentrations; and conversely, producing maximum development of canker at low nutrient concentrations (27: 394). 'Birds eye' fruit spots occur under some climatic conditions and are round, at first white, later with a light brown roughened centre surrounded by a white halo. Fruits are invaded through the vascular system and show in section a yellow discoloration of the placenta. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, including the U.S.A., where the disease was first described, Canada, Europe, Australia, New Zealand. Africa (including recently Northern and Southern Rhodesia, Kenya and South Africa), China and South America. (CMI Map 26). TRANSMISSION: A wound pathogen spread by cutting knives, or through damaged roots in the soil. Leaf trichomes are also known to be avenues of infection (Phytopathology 52: 1306, 1962). Survives from season to season in soil containing diseased plant material. Fruit spotting is probably caused by rain splash or overhead irrigation water dripping from leaves and cankers. The pathogen is seed transmitted and the incidence of infection may reach 1% from this source (33: 507; 36: 793). Transplanting to the field from seed-bed soil contaminated with plant refuse often results in a stand with over 50% canker (33: 507).

Nectria radicicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Dry Rot ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Root Plate

Abstract A description is provided for Nectria radicicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of hosts, Gymnospermae, Monocotyledonae and Dicotyledonae, particularly in temperate regions, especially Fragaria vesca, Narcissus, Vitis vinifera. DISEASE: Root rot, dry brown rot, storage rot or dry rot (37: 3); wilt (32: 261); root plate rot of Narcissus (30: 160); black rot of strawberry (28: 180); black spot of grapes (36: 449). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe. Occurs in N. America, East and South Africa, Australia, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: By water, rain splash or in soil; infection generally from soil. Contaminated soil is the principal source of infection in nurseries where the fungus is capable of existing for long periods as a saprophyte or as thick-walled chlamydospores (35: 769). Taylor (36: 449) found the fungus only penetrating grapes when the skin was broken.

Acremonium zonatum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Hawksworth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Windward Islands ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Western Samoa ◽  
Calopogonium Mucunoides ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Acremonium zonatum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Known from leaves of Amaranthus gangeticus, Annona squamosa, Boehmeria nivea, Brillantaisia nitens, Calopogonium mucunoides, Coffea arabica, C. liberica-excelsa, C. robusta, Colocasia esculenta, Coridia dentata, Crotalaria anagyroides, Cucumis sativus, Eichhornia crassipes, Eranthemum nervosum, Erythrina senegalensis, Ficus carcia (var. celeste), Hypoestes verticillaris, Kosteletzkya grantii, Lindackeria bahobensis, Litchi chinensis, Momordica foetida, Morus acidosa, Musa sapientum, Pachira insignia (syn. Bombax sessile), Phaseolus atropurpureus, Plumeria alba, Solanum verbascifolium, Steriospermum bantharum and Vigna sinensis. DISEASE: Causal agent of 'fig zonate spot' and 'zonal leaf spot' of coffee but forming similar zonate leaf spots on a wide range of phanerogams (see above). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tropical countries and known from Africa (Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire), Asia (Bangladesh, Brunei, India, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), New Guinea, Taiwan, Western Samoa), West Indies (Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Windward Islands), Central America (Costa Rica), North America (USA, southern Louisiana), and South America (Peru, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Presumably mainly by rain splash but insects crawling over infected leaves could play some part. Old diseased foliage on the ground is probably the primary source of infection (28, 180). Inoculations by spraying spore suspensions and placing cultures on lower leaf surfaces successful (Tims & Olive, 1948).

Helminthosphaeria stuppea. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tsuga Mertensiana

Abstract A description is provided for Helminthosphaeria stuppea, which is apparently saprobic and able to colonize woody parts of a wide range of plants. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, habitats, dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (North America (USA (California, Colorado, Utah and Washington)), Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France and UK)) and hosts (including Tsuga mertensiana). No reports of negative economic impacts have been found.

Bactrocera papayae. [Distribution map].

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Fleshy Fruits ◽  
Irian Jaya ◽  
Christmas Island ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock Diptera: Tephritidae. Attacks a wide range of fleshy fruits and vegetables. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Brunei, Christmas Island, Indonesia, Bali, Flores, Java, Kalimantan, Lombok, Sulawesi, Sumbawa, Timor, Malaysia, Sabah, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, AUSTRALASIA, Australia, Queensland, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea.

Erwinia mallotivora. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Spot ◽  
Secondary Spread ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Mallotus Japonicus ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Erwinia mallotivora. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Mallotus japonicus (Euphorbiaceae). DISEASE: Bacterial leaf spot. The disease starts as water-soaked spots on the newly developing leaves in May and June. The spots tend to form close to the main veins. They enlarge and become angular as they are restricted by the veins, becoming dark brown, and often with a chlorotic halo about 1 mm wide. Spots may coalesce and kill the leaf, and shoot blight may also occur. Under humid conditions bacteria may exude on to the leaf surface. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan. TRANSMISSION: Unknown, but presumably rain splash plays a part at least in secondary spread.

Ustilago hypodytes. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Root System ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Meristematic Tissue ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vegetative Multiplication ◽  
Established Infection

Abstract A description is provided for Ustilago hypodytes. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A wide range of grasses, including species of Agropyron (many), Ammophila, Brachypodium, Bromus, Calamagrostis, Diplachne, Distichlis, Elymus (many), Festuca, Glyceria, Hilaria, Hordeum, Haynaldia, Lygeum, Melica, Orysopsis, Panicum, Phalaris, Phleum, Poa (many), Puccinellia, Secale, Sitanion, Sporobolus, Stipa (many), and Trisetum. DISEASE: Stem smut of grasses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Chiefly a temperate species found in Europe (including Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USSR, Yugoslavia) and North America (Canada, USA) and extending to central and South America (Argentina, Peru, Uruguay), N. Africa (Libya, Morocco, Tunisia), Japan, Australia and New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Not fully understood, though inoculation experiments have demonstrated that infection occurs in mature vegetative plants (possibly through meristematic tissue), not seeds or flowers (22, 240; 24, 511). Once established, infection is systemic, probably overwintering in the root system and spreading by vegetative multiplication of host plants as well as from plant to plant (24, 511; 19, 720).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document