The efficiency of chewing during eating and ruminating in goats and sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. FranÇoise domingue ◽  
D. W. DELLOW ◽  
T. N. BARRY
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Critical Size ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Jaw Movements ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Eating ◽  
Nitrogen Secretion ◽  
Loss Rates

The total amounts of time spent eating and ruminating per 24 h by goats and sheep were determined. The efficiencies of chewing during eating (<C.EAT>) and chewing during ruminating (<C.RUM>) on the breakdown of feed particles to below the critical size required to leave the rumen (< 1.0 mm) were investigated. All studies were done with the animals fed on a chaffed lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay diet. Goats spent more time eating (+3.1 h;P< 0.01), and less time ruminating (-2.2 h;P< 0.05) per 24 h, than sheep, when fed hourly atad lib.intake. The efficiency of chewing during eating (<C.EAT>) in breaking down feed particles to < 1.0 mm was greater in goats (85%;P< 0.01) than sheep (48%). The process of rumination in sheep served to reduce the feed particles which were > 1.0 mm in the rumen to < 1.0 mm. Sheep tended to be more efficient in this process than goats (59 ν 48%), with the difference not attaining significance (P> 0.1). The greater frequency of chews (number of total jaw movements/min) during eating in goats (P< 0.01), or during ruminating in sheep (P< 0.001), was the major component explaining differences in efficiency between the two species in both the eating and rumination processes. When corrected for the number of chews/min, the differences in <C.RUM> and <C.EAT> were not significant between goats and sheep. During eating goats had greater apparent rates of total salivary secretion (P< 0.1), and greater apparent rates of salivary nitrogen secretion (P< 0.05) than sheep. The results help explain the greater fibre digestibility and rumen ammonia irreversible loss rates in goats than sheep, when both species were fed on lucerne chaff.

scholarly journals The use of intragastric nutrition to study saliva secretion and the relationship between rumen osmotic pressure and water transport

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Y. Zhao ◽  
M. Durić ◽  
N. A. Macleod ◽  
E. R. ØRskov ◽  
F. D. Deb. Hovell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Saliva Secretion ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Water Outflow ◽  
The Relationship

Four sheep sustained by intragastric nutrition were used to study saliva secretion and the relationship between osmotic pressure in the rumen and net water transport across the rumen wall. Different concentrations of buffer were infused into the rumen to change the rumen osmotic pressure. Salivary secretion was estimated from entrance of P into the rumen. Net water transport across the rumen wall was calculated as the difference between water inflow and water outflow from the rumen. A negative linear relationship between the rumen osmotic pressure (X, mOsm/kg) and the water absorption across the rumen wall (Y, ml/h) was found: Y = (394 SE 8·3)–(l·22 SE 0·03) X, r20·83, (P < 0·001), and a positive linear relationship was found between the rumen osmotic pressure (X, mOsm /kg) and the outflow rate of rumen fluid (Y, ml/h): Y = (34·0 SE 8·0) + (0·97 SE 0·03), X, r2 0·56, (P < 0·001). The implication is that rumen osmotic pressure can be a key factor in the control of the net water transport across the rumen wall, the outflow of rumen fluid to omasum and the rumen liquid dilution rate. A method is suggested by which salivary secretion in sheep may be calculated from the water balance in the rumen.

scholarly journals Correlation Between Body Movements and Salivary Secretion During Sedation

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-191
Author(s):  
Yoko Sasaki ◽  
Seiichi Kato ◽  
Masaaki Miura ◽  
Haruhisa Fukayama
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Deep Sedation ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Body Movements ◽  
Cough Reflex ◽  
Effect Site ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Effect Site Concentration ◽  
The Difference

During dental sedation, control of the cough reflex is crucial for a safe and smooth procedure. Accumulated saliva is one of the predisposing factors for coughing. Body movements during dental sedation appear to enhance salivation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the difference in salivary secretion between the with-movements state and the without-movements state during sedation. Salivary weight for 1 min was measured 3 times in 27 patients with intellectual disability during dental treatment under deep sedation with midazolam and propofol. The observed variables were body movements, bispectral index (BIS), and predicted propofol effect-site concentration. A total of 81 measurements were classified into the with-movements state (n = 39; ie, measurements during which body movements were observed) or the without-movements state (n = 42; ie, measurements during which no body movements were observed). The median salivary weight was significantly smaller in the without-movements state compared with the with-movements state (0.03 vs 0.11 g, P &lt; .0001). The BIS was significantly lower in the without-movements state. There was no significant difference in the predicted propofol effect-site concentration between the 2 states. Significant correlation was observed between salivary weight and BIS in the with-movements state (r = 0.44, P = .004). The findings indicate that salivary secretion decreased according to deep sedation. Furthermore, immobility also reduced salivary secretion. We concluded that one reason that immobility is beneficial is because of the resulting decreased salivary secretion during dental treatment under deep sedation.

Efficacy of Rumensin controlled release capsule for the control of alfalfa bloat in cattle

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Hall ◽  
W. Majak ◽  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
J. K. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Daily Frequency ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
The Difference

Rumensin controlled release capsule (CRC) was evaluated in grazing trials and in confinement with fistulated steers fed alfalfa at the vegetative to early bud stage of growth. These stages promoted a high incidence of bloat, both in animal days of bloat and in daily frequency of distension. The bolus reduced the incidence of bloat by an average of 50% in five trials, the difference being statistically significant in four of them. The cultivars AC Grazeland and Alfagraze did not differ significantly in daily bloat incidence when evaluated at early stages of growth. Key words: Cattle, bloat, legumes, Medicago sativa L.

Nitrogen and sulfur metabolism and plasma thyroid hormone concentrations in fleeceweight-selected and control Romney sheep at two ambient temperatures

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
YX Sun ◽  
J Lee ◽  
PM Harris ◽  
BR Sinclair ◽  
ID Shelton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sulfur Metabolism ◽  
Selection Line ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Loss Rates

This study was conducted to determine the effect of ambient temperature on nitrogen and sulfur metabolism in 7-month-old rams from the Massey University fleeceweight-selected (FW) and control (C) lines of Romney sheep. Eight rams from each line were exposed to either 6�C or 25�C ambient temperature under a constant photoperiod. Detailed studies of sulfur metabolism were made on four of the rams from each line at each ambient temperature. Intake and faecal output of dry matter and nitrogen were lower at 25�C than at 6�C, but there was no effect of ambient temperature on digestibility of either dry matter or nitrogen. Nitrogen balance was lower at 25�C than at 6�C, but none of the parameters relating to nitrogen balance was influenced by selection line. There were also no effects of ambient temperature or selection line on clearance rates of urea or creatinine. Blood samples were collected from the animals at 2 h intervals over a 24 h period to determine plasma concentrations of urea, creatinine, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Although the between-line differences in concentrations of these hormones and metabolites varied throughout the 24 h period, and with ambient temperature, there were no consistent interactions between the effects of selection line and ambient temperature. There were no consistent effects of selection line, or interactions of selection line with ambient temperature, on sulfur and sulfate balances, concentrations of leucine, cyst(e)ine and glutathione in whole blood or on irreversible loss rates of leucine and cyst(e)ine. However, when considered across lines and ambient temperatures, both the whole blood concentrations (P < 0.10) and the irreversible loss rates (P < 0.05) of leucine and cyst(e)ine were positively related to midside wool growth. The only significant (P < 0.05) interaction between selection line and ambient temperature was observed in the wool sulfur concentration which was lower in the FW rams than in the C rams at 6�C, but not at 25�C. It is concluded that none of the metabolic measurements made in this study explains previous inconsistencies observed in metabolic differences between sheep from lines divergently selected on the basis of fleeceweight. Wool sulfur content was again shown to be a potentially useful predictor of genetic merit for fleeceweight, but no clear metabolic basis for differences between the lines could be demonstrated even with detailed measurements of sulfur metabolism.

scholarly journals The performance of 1% solution of baking soda as the mouthwashing for elderly xerostomia patients on the salivary secretion

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Ririn Ariyanti ◽  
Sri Tjahajawati ◽  
Marry Siti Mariam
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Experimental Method ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Ageing Process ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Soda Solution

Introduction: The ageing process in older adults could cause a decreasing salivary secretion. Indicators of salivary secretion could be measured by observing an increasing salivary volume and pH, and a decreasing salivary viscosity. This study was aimed to observe the performance of 1% solution of baking soda on the salivary secretion of elderly xerostomia patients. Methods: The study used the quasi-experimental method with purposive sampling technique. The subjects were 24 older adults who were administered with 1% solution of baking soda. Results: The results showed that the averages volume, pH, and viscosity of the saliva before rinsing with 1% solution of baking soda were lower than after rinsing with the solution (p < 0.005). The average values of volume and pH of saliva before rinsing of 1% solution of baking soda were 0.15ml/min and 5.4, respectively, whilst after rinsing with the solution were 0.14ml/min and 7.42, respectively. The difference in saliva viscosity before and after rinsing with the solution showed that there were changes in the viscosity from frothy to watery. Conclusion: 1% solution of baking soda solution was able to increase the salivary secretion of elderly xerostomia patients, observed from an increasing salivary volume and pH, and a decreasing salivary viscosity after rinsing with 1% solution of baking soda.

Nitrogen and Urea Metabolism and Nitrogen Requirements of the Common Ringtail Possum, Pseudocheirus Peregrinus, Fed Eucalyptus Andrewsii Foliage.

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Chilcott ◽  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Loss Rate ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Pseudocheirus Peregrinus ◽  
Urea Metabolism ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ringtail Possum ◽  
Endogenous Synthesis

The maintenance nitrogen requirement of mature common ringtail possums, Pseudocheirusperegrinus, feeding on a sole diet of Eucalyptus andrewsii foliage was estimated to be 380 mg.kg-0.75.d-� on a dietary basis and 290 mg.kg-0.75.d-� on a truly digestible basis. The difference between these two estimates was due to a low true digestibility of nitrogen of 79%. Apparent digestibility of nitrogen was 58%. The level of urea metabolism in the ringtail was low compared with other herbivores. Only 40 mg urea-nitrogen.kg-0.75 was recycled to the gut each day, but this was 96% of irreversible loss rate (i.e. endogenous synthesis rate) and 11% of the ringtail's intake of truly digestible nitrogen. A low maintenance requirement for nitrogen, together with the recycling of a high proportion of endogenous urea to the gut, helps to explain the ability of the ringtail possum to remain in positive nitrogen balance on a sole diet of E. andrewsii foliage of only 1.1% nitrogen content.

scholarly journals Are C-loss rates from drained peatlands constant over time? The additive value of soil profile based and flux budget approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 12341-12373 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Leifeld ◽  
C. Bader ◽  
E. Borraz ◽  
M. Hoffmann ◽  
M. Giebels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Carbon Export ◽  
Organic Matter Quality ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Loss Rates

Abstract. Drained peatlands are CO2 hotspots and lose important soil functions over time. In contrast to mineral soils, their high carbon density induces long lasting and high emissions. These emissions can be estimated using various approaches which cover different system boundaries in time and space. Here we compare 5 years flux measurements from manual chambers with a soil profile based method to estimate carbon losses from two temperate fens under different management intensity drained at the end of the 19th century. According to the flux measurements, both grassland sites currently lose significant amounts of carbon as CO2 in the order of 7.1 and 9.1 t CO2-C ha−1a−1 when managed non-intensively or intensively, respectively. Profile based estimates, which make use of the difference in ash concentration along the soil profile, reveal a total of 284 and 619 t C ha−1 since the onset of drainage. These substantial losses are accompanied by a sharp decrease in peat quality as measured by NMR spectroscopy, confirming that a large part of former topsoil material is already mineralized. On average, the profile based estimate converts to smaller annual loss rates of 2.2 (non-intensive) and 4.8 t CO2−C ha−1a−1 (intensive) management. Our data, together with historical flux measurements at this site, provide evidence that peat decomposition rates increased over time, despite declining organic matter quality. We suggest that higher management intensities (i.e., higher fertilization and changes in carbon export from the field), including drainage, and increased mean annual temperature may be important factors for higher emissions today. These two methods are complementary in terms of time horizon and system boundary and, in conjunction, confirm the long-term emission potential of temperate drained organic grassland soils.

The dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine content of locust and cockroach salivary neurones

1991 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 405-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Gifford ◽  
R. A. Nicholson ◽  
R. M. Pitman
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Fluorescent Microscopy ◽  
Glyoxylic Acid ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Radioenzymatic Assay ◽  
The Difference

The salivary glands of the cockroach and locust are innervated primarily from two pairs of motoneurones, designated SN1 and SN2, in the suboesophageal ganglion. Intracellular cobalt fills and subsequent silver intensification were used to reveal the morphology of these cells in both species. Fluorescent microscopy, following treatment of the ganglion with glyoxylic acid, showed that in both species only the SN1 neurones contained catecholamines. A radioenzymatic assay for dopamine, performed on the locust SN1 neurones, confirmed that this catecholamine was present. A radioenzymatic assay for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), performed on both pairs of salivary neurones in the locust, revealed small quantities of this amine in the SN2 neurones, but no significant amount in the SN1 neurones. In the cockroach, 5-HT was assayed in the SN2 neurones only. In contrast to the locust, however, the 5-HT content of these cells was not significantly above that of control cells taken from other ganglia. These observations demonstrate that only the SN1 neurones are the source of the catecholaminergic fibres investing the locust and cockroach salivary glands. The difference in neurotransmitter content between the SN1 and SN2 neurones suggests that these neurones have separate functions in the control of salivary secretion.

Phenomenological Study of the Size Effect on Martensitic Transformation in Nanograined Powders

2007 ◽  
Vol 353-358 ◽  
pp. 2151-2154
Author(s):  
Hong Bin Wang ◽  
Xiao Chun Wu
Keyword(s):  
Martensitic Transformation ◽  
Size Effect ◽  
Present Model ◽  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Critical Size ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Strain Coefficient ◽  
Interface Strain ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lower Temperature

On the basis of the Landau-Ginzburg models established by Falk and other authors, a new model for martensitic transformation in nanograined powder is developed, in which the influence of the interface on martensitic transformation in nanograined powder is considered. The interface strain coefficient K, the factor describing the difference of the strain between the interface and the core of a nano-grain, was suggested in this paper. The equation in the present model was solved numerically, and the size effect was observed. The calculation results show that the critical size increases with the drop in temperature, which means that the lower temperature will promote martensitic transformation in nanograined materials.

Mean chewing time in horses fed different forages supplemented with concentrates

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 131-134
Author(s):  
P. Noergard ◽  
L. Raff ◽  
U. Poulsgaard ◽  
L. Eriksen ◽  
T.M. Soeland
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Jaw Movements ◽  
Pressure Oscillations ◽  
Effective Time ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Eating

SummaryA 3 x 3 Latin square design was conducted with 3 trotters (mean weight 510 kg) fed concentrates supplemented with 5.0 kg wrap bale grass silage (WS), 7.0 kg mixed hay (H) or 6.0 kg barley straw (BS) daily. Amounts of concentrates were adjusted to cover maintenance energy requirements together with forage. Concentrates, WS, H and BS had 86, 80, 86, and 87% DM with 350, 560, 610 and 740 g NDF/kg DM, and 190, 350, 390 and 490 g ADF/kg DM, respectively. Forages and concentrates were fed twice daily, but during the 4 experimental days, the horses had access to one quarter of the daily forage ration for 60 minutes at 9 am, 11 am, 1 pm and 3 pm. Forages not eaten within each of the four meals were recorded and fed again at 4 pm. Eating behaviour was observed and jaw moments (JM) recorded from 7 am to 4 pm by measuring pressure oscillations (PO) in a tube filled with water positioned around the mouth. Effective time spent chewing (ECT) and the numbers of jaw movements (JM) were identified from the manual observations and JM with exclusion of small pauses without mastication. The number of JM, the effective chewing rate and the ECT values per kg forage DM, forage NDF and forage ADF differed significantly (P<0.01) between forages and between forages and concentrates (P<0.01). The mean ECT values ranged from 50±4.7 minutes per kg WS dry matter to 100±4.7 minutes per kg BS dry matter, and from 90± 6 minutes per kg WS NDF to 135±6 minutes per kg BS NDF. The highest chewing rate (1.45±0.06 Hz) was found during concentrate meals and the lowest during BS meals (1.20±0.05 Hz). The horses spent more time eating (min/kg NDF) forages compared with values reported from cattle eating forages, whereas the total ECT values of 90 to 135 minutes chewing time per kg NDF in horses range from 60 to 90% of the time dairy cows to spent masticating during eating plus ruminating.

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