scholarly journals The use of intragastric nutrition to study saliva secretion and the relationship between rumen osmotic pressure and water transport

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Y. Zhao ◽  
M. Durić ◽  
N. A. Macleod ◽  
E. R. ØRskov ◽  
F. D. Deb. Hovell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Saliva Secretion ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Water Outflow ◽  
The Relationship

Four sheep sustained by intragastric nutrition were used to study saliva secretion and the relationship between osmotic pressure in the rumen and net water transport across the rumen wall. Different concentrations of buffer were infused into the rumen to change the rumen osmotic pressure. Salivary secretion was estimated from entrance of P into the rumen. Net water transport across the rumen wall was calculated as the difference between water inflow and water outflow from the rumen. A negative linear relationship between the rumen osmotic pressure (X, mOsm/kg) and the water absorption across the rumen wall (Y, ml/h) was found: Y = (394 SE 8·3)–(l·22 SE 0·03) X, r20·83, (P < 0·001), and a positive linear relationship was found between the rumen osmotic pressure (X, mOsm /kg) and the outflow rate of rumen fluid (Y, ml/h): Y = (34·0 SE 8·0) + (0·97 SE 0·03), X, r2 0·56, (P < 0·001). The implication is that rumen osmotic pressure can be a key factor in the control of the net water transport across the rumen wall, the outflow of rumen fluid to omasum and the rumen liquid dilution rate. A method is suggested by which salivary secretion in sheep may be calculated from the water balance in the rumen.

scholarly journals Cross-Modal Effect of Presenting Food Images on Taste Appetite

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 6615
Author(s):  
Keisuke Tomono ◽  
Akira Tomono
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Digital Signage ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Saliva Secretion ◽  
Sense Of Presence ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Food Images ◽  
The Relationship

We researched a method to objectively evaluate the presence of food images, for the purpose of applying it to digital signage. In this paper, we defined the presence of food images as a sensation that makes us recognize that food is there, and investigated the relationship between that recognition and the salivary secretion reaction. If saliva secretion can be detected by a non-invasive method, it may be possible to objectively estimate the presence of the viewer from the outside. Two kinds of experiments were conducted. STUDY 1 included presentations of popular cooking images, which portrayed a sense of deliciousness, and evaluated changes in the volume of saliva secretions and cerebral blood flow near the temples. STUDY 2 included comparisons of changes between presenting images only and images with corresponded smells. The images included scenes that introduced foods (i.e., almond pudding cake/bergamot orange) that were relatively simple, so that they did not induce the subjects themselves. As a result, we clarified the cross-modal effects that were closely related to sense of presence and salivation. Moreover, we clarified presentation of images with smells to improve one’s sense of presence, even though the images were relatively simple.

The Rate of Change of Mouth Occlusion Pressure during Exercise

1979 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 455-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Siafakas ◽  
A. J. R. Morris ◽  
F. J. Prime
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Significant Linear Relationship ◽  
Progressive Exercise ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mouth Occlusion Pressure ◽  
The Relationship

1. The initial rate of change of pressure at the mouth (dP/dt) during a brief occlusion of the airways at the beginning of inspiration has been estimated in nine healthy subjects at rest, during exercise and during the first 2 min of recovery. Exercise was carried out with progressively increasing loads to the maximum tolerated (progressive exercise) and also for a period of 6 min at a constant load of 60% of the maximum (steady-state exercise). 2. A highly significant linear relationship was found between work loads and dP/dt during progressive exercise in all our subjects. 3. A highly significant linear relationship was found between ventilation and dP/dt in both forms of exercise, but the slope of the regression line was steeper during progressive than during steady-state exercise in six out of nine subjects. 4. The pattern of breathing (VT, f, VT/Tinsp., Tinsp./Ttot.) did not account for the difference in the relationship between dP/dt and ventilation during the two forms of exercise. 5. These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that dP/dt is an index of central inspiratory drive.

Effect of Laminar Flow to Velocity Exponent of Viscous Damper

2012 ◽  
Vol 602-604 ◽  
pp. 1517-1521
Author(s):  
Wei Ning Wang ◽  
Wei Ming Yan ◽  
Yan Jiang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Laminar Flow ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Viscous Damper ◽  
Damping Force ◽  
Linear Flow ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between the energy dissipation and the damping force is studied through experimental and analytical research of the effect of laminar flow of viscous damper, and a linear viscous damper model and the calculation formulas are obtained.The results show that the linear flow model is the key factor to get a linear relationship between speeds and damping force.

The Relationship between Speech Rate and Memory Span in Children

1994 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy A. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Word Length Effect ◽  
Children's Memory ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Working Memory Model

Evidence of a linear relationship between speech rate and memory span in children has been obtained in several studies (e.g. Hulme, Thomson, Muir, & Lawrence, 1984). This evidence is used to support an explanation of the development of memory span based on the working memory model (Baddeley, 1990). The model argues that speech rate is related to the amount recalled and that developmental increases in speech rate allow faster rehearsal with age and, hence, greater recall. However, the linear relationship between speech rate and memory span has generally been reported in terms of group means for speech rate and memory span rather than individual level correlations between the two variables. The present studies replicate the group relationship, but find that correlations between individual subject's speech rates and memory spans, when the effects of age are partialled out, are no longer significant. Nor was the size of the word length effect related to the difference in speech rate between short and long words. It is argued that the group mean relationship between speech rate and memory span is clear and replicable, but that the speech rates of individual children are not good predictors of those children's memory spans. The implications of these results for the working memory explanation of span development are discussed.

scholarly journals Salivary secretion and chewing: stimulatory effects from artificial and natural foods

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Beatriz Duarte Gavião ◽  
Andries Van der Bilt
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Mechanical Failure ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Saliva Secretion ◽  
Natural Foods ◽  
Yield Force ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between the flow rate of saliva and characteristics of the food. Therefore, we determined the rate of saliva secretion in 16 healthy subjects in rest and while chewing natural and artificial foods (toast with and without margarine, three sizes of breakfast cake, and Parafilm). We also determined the chewing rate, number of chewing cycles until swallowing, and time until swallowing. The physical characteristics of the foods were quantified from force-deformation experiments. The results showed that the average at which mechanical failure occurred (yield force) was 1.86 ± 0.24 N for the breakfast cake and 16.3 ± 1.3 N for the melba toast. The flow rates obtained without stimulation and with Parafilm were significantly lower (P < 0.001) than the flow rates obtained from chewing food. No differences in flow rate occurred between the natural foods. The flow rates of the saliva as obtained without stimulation, with Parafilm stimulation, and with chewing on the various foods were significantly correlated (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in chewing rate among the foods. The number of chewing cycles and the time until swallowing significantly depended on the type or volume of the food.

scholarly journals Age & Achievement

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Grissom
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Older Students ◽  
Transitional Kindergarten ◽  
Positive Linear Relationship ◽  
Grade Levels ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

There is continuing controversy about the optimal or appropriate age at which children should start school. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between age and achievement. It is an attempt to evaluate the hypothesis that older students fare better academically than their younger classmates. Findings indicate that on average for students in elementary school there is positive linear relationship between age and achievement for age normal peers. Even though there is positive linear relationship, the difference in average test scores between the oldest and youngest students is not great and by the time students reach 10th grade the positive linear relationship has disappeared. For overage students there is on average a negative linear relationship between age and achievement at all grade levels. That is, the negative relationship between age and achievement remains constant over time. These results argue against modifying entrance age policies, delaying school entry, implementing transitional kindergarten or first grade programs or retaining students to improve educational achievement. Policies and practices that make students older than their classmates inversely affect their educational achievement.

scholarly journals Convection-Kelvin wave coupling in a global convection-permitting model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Weber ◽  
Daehyun Kim ◽  
Clifford F. Mass
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Equatorial Indian Ocean ◽  
Kelvin Wave ◽  
Grid Spacing ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Convective Inhibition ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractA convectively coupled equatorial Kelvin wave (CCKW) was observed over the equatorial Indian Ocean in early November 2011 during the DYNAMO field campaign. This study examines the structure of the CCKW event using two simulations made using the MPAS model: one with 3-km grid spacing without convective parameterization and another with a 15-km grid and parameterized convection.Both simulations qualitatively capture the observed structure of the CCKW, including its vertical tilt and progression of cloud/precipitation structures. The two simulations, however, differ substantially in the amplitude of the CCKW-associated precipitation. While the 3-km run realistically captures the observed modulation of precipitation by the CCKW, the 15-km simulation severely underestimates its magnitude. To understand the difference between the two MPAS simulations regarding wave-convection coupling within the CCKW, the relationship of precipitation with convective inhibition, saturation fraction, and surface turbulent fluxes is investigated. Results show that the 15-km simulation underestimates the magnitude of the CCKW precipitation peak in association with its unrealistically linear relationship between moisture and precipitation. Precipitation, both in observations and the 3-km run, is predominantly controlled by saturation fraction and this relationship is exponential. In contrast, the parameterized convection in the 15-km run is overly sensitive to convective inhibition and not sensitive enough to environmental moisture. The implications of these results on CCKW theories are discussed.

Comparison of In-the-Ear and Over-the-Ear Hearing Aid Fittings

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna M. Risberg ◽  
Robyn M. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Hearing Aid Fitting ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Functional Gain ◽  
The Relationship

A custom in-the-ear (ITE) hearing aid fitting was compared to two over-the-ear (OTE) hearing aid fittings for each of 9 subjects with mild to moderately severe hearing losses. Speech intelligibility via the three instruments was compared using the Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) test. The relationship between functional gain and coupler gain was compared for the ITE and the higher rated OTE instruments. The difference in input received at the microphone locations of the two types of hearing aids was measured for 10 different subjects and compared to the functional gain data. It was concluded that (a) for persons with mild to moderately severe hearing losses, appropriately adjusted custom ITE fittings typically yield speech intelligibility that is equal to the better OTE fitting identified in a comparative evaluation; and (b) gain prescriptions for ITE hearing aids should be adjusted to account for the high-frequency emphasis associated with in-the-concha microphone placement.

Relationship between total plasma homocysteine and the risk of aneurysms – a meta-analysis

VASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Hanji Zhang ◽  
Dexin Yin ◽  
Yue Zhao ◽  
Yezhou Li ◽  
Dejiang Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Healthy Participants

Summary: Our meta-analysis focused on the relationship between homocysteine (Hcy) level and the incidence of aneurysms and looked at the relationship between smoking, hypertension and aneurysms. A systematic literature search of Pubmed, Web of Science, and Embase databases (up to March 31, 2020) resulted in the identification of 19 studies, including 2,629 aneurysm patients and 6,497 healthy participants. Combined analysis of the included studies showed that number of smoking, hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in aneurysm patients was higher than that in the control groups, and the total plasma Hcy level in aneurysm patients was also higher. These findings suggest that smoking, hypertension and HHcy may be risk factors for the development and progression of aneurysms. Although the heterogeneity of meta-analysis was significant, it was found that the heterogeneity might come from the difference between race and disease species through subgroup analysis. Large-scale randomized controlled studies of single species and single disease species are needed in the future to supplement the accuracy of the results.

Klein with Lacan: A Study on the Reception of Lacanian Ideas in Uruguay and Its Effects on Clinical Practices (1955–82)

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-361
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Grau-Pérez ◽  
J. Guillermo Milán
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Clinical Material ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Discursive Approach ◽  
The Way ◽  
Clinical Cases

In Uruguay, Lacanian ideas arrived in the 1960s, into a context of Kleinian hegemony. Adopting a discursive approach, this study researched the initial reception of these ideas and its effects on clinical practices. We gathered a corpus of discursive data from clinical cases and theoretical-doctrinal articles (from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s). In order to examine the effects of Lacanian ideas, we analysed the difference in the way of interpreting the clinical material before and after Lacan's reception. The results of this research illuminate some epistemological problems of psychoanalysis, especially the relationship between theory and clinical practice.

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