The dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine content of locust and cockroach salivary neurones

1991 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 405-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Gifford ◽  
R. A. Nicholson ◽  
R. M. Pitman
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Fluorescent Microscopy ◽  
Glyoxylic Acid ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Radioenzymatic Assay ◽  
The Difference

The salivary glands of the cockroach and locust are innervated primarily from two pairs of motoneurones, designated SN1 and SN2, in the suboesophageal ganglion. Intracellular cobalt fills and subsequent silver intensification were used to reveal the morphology of these cells in both species. Fluorescent microscopy, following treatment of the ganglion with glyoxylic acid, showed that in both species only the SN1 neurones contained catecholamines. A radioenzymatic assay for dopamine, performed on the locust SN1 neurones, confirmed that this catecholamine was present. A radioenzymatic assay for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), performed on both pairs of salivary neurones in the locust, revealed small quantities of this amine in the SN2 neurones, but no significant amount in the SN1 neurones. In the cockroach, 5-HT was assayed in the SN2 neurones only. In contrast to the locust, however, the 5-HT content of these cells was not significantly above that of control cells taken from other ganglia. These observations demonstrate that only the SN1 neurones are the source of the catecholaminergic fibres investing the locust and cockroach salivary glands. The difference in neurotransmitter content between the SN1 and SN2 neurones suggests that these neurones have separate functions in the control of salivary secretion.

Evaporative Cooling in the Rat: Further Consideration of Functional Differences Between Salivary Glands

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Reed Hainsworth ◽  
Edward M. Stricker
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Parotid Saliva ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
The Difference

Previous reports indicated that submaxillary saliva, but not parotid saliva, was crucial to thermoregulation in the male rat exposed to inescapable heat stress, and emphasized the lower level of hyperthermia associated with the initiation of submaxillary secretion as one factor accounting for the difference between individual salivary glands. The present results indicated that submaxillary saliva was also crucial to the survival of female rats exposed to moderate heat stress, yet submaxillary and parotid secretions were increased at comparable levels of hyperthermia. Thus, it appears that the most important difference between the glands is not the level of hyperthermia associated with increased salivary secretion but the amount of fluid that is provided once secretion is begun.

Synaptic Responses of Neurons Controlling the Parotid and von Ebner Salivary Glands in Rats to Stimulation of the Solitary Nucleus and Tract

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 1267-1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Suwabe ◽  
Hideyuki Fukami ◽  
Robert M. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Afferent Input ◽  
Membrane Hyperpolarization ◽  
Neuron Response ◽  
Glutamate Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Autonomic Neurons ◽  
Reflex Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Salivary secretion results from reflex stimulation of autonomic neurons via afferent sensory information relayed to neurons in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (rNST), which synapse with autonomic neurons of the salivatory nuclei. We investigated the synaptic properties of the afferent sensory connection to neurons in the inferior salivatory nucleus (ISN) controlling the parotid and von Ebner salivary glands. Mean synaptic latency recorded from parotid gland neurons was significantly shorter than von Ebner gland neurons. Superfusion of GABA and glycine resulted in a concentration-dependent membrane hyperpolarization. Use of glutamate receptor antagonists indicated that both AMPA and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are involved in the evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) amplitude increased with higher intensity ST stimulation. Addition of the glycine antagonist strychnine did not affect the amplitude of the IPSPs significantly. The GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline (BMI) or mixture of strychnine and BMI abolished the IPSPs in all neurons. IPSP latency was longer than EPSP latency, suggesting that more than one synapse is involved in the inhibitory pathway. Results show that ISN neurons receive both excitatory and inhibitory afferent input mediated by glutamate and GABA respectively. The ISN neuron response to glycine probably derives from descending connections. Difference in the synaptic characteristics of ISN neurons controlling the parotid and von Ebner glands may relate to the different function of these two glands.

The aminergic and peptidergic innervation of insect salivary glands

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (14) ◽  
pp. 1941-1949 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Ali
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Stomatogastric Nervous System ◽  
Related Family ◽  
Aminergic Innervation ◽  
Peptidergic Innervation

Insect salivary glands are glands associated with nutrient intake whose secretions are generally involved in the digestion and lubrication of food. They are under the control of neuroactive substances and may be innervated from several sources including the suboesophageal ganglion, the stomatogastric nervous system and the unpaired median nerves. Both amines and peptides have been suggested to play roles in the control of insect salivation, as indicated by their association with terminals on salivary glands, their effects in salivary gland bioassays and their ability to alter second messenger levels and ion channel conformations. Serotonin and dopamine appear to be the most prominent amines associated with insect salivary glands. Either one or both of these amines are found associated with the salivary glands of the locust, stick insect, cockroach, cricket, dragonfly, mosquito, adult moth and kissing bug. Their roles, although not fully elucidated, appear to be in the control of salivary secretion. Several peptides, including members of the FMRFamide-related family of peptides, are also found associated with insect salivary glands. Sources of peptidergic innervation are as varied as those for aminergic innervation, but information regarding the physiological role of these peptides is lacking. The relevance of the different levels of complexity of salivary gland innervation, which range from the absence of innervation in some species (blowfly) to the presence of several distinct sources in others (locust, cockroach), is not well understood. This review serves to consolidate what is known of the phenotype of salivary neurones in relation to the control of salivation.

scholarly journals Immunolocalization of electroneutral Na+-HCO 3 − cotransporters in human and rat salivary glands

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (2) ◽  
pp. G473-G480 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Gresz ◽  
T.-H. Kwon ◽  
H. Vorum ◽  
T. Zelles ◽  
I. Kurtz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Basolateral Membrane ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Submandibular Glands ◽  
Rat Salivary Glands ◽  
Duct Cells ◽  
Mrna And Protein Expression ◽  
Rat Parotid ◽  
Apical Membranes

Patterns of salivary HCO[Formula: see text]secretion vary widely among species and among individual glands. In particular, virtually nothing is known about the molecular identity of the HCO[Formula: see text] transporters involved in human salivary secretion. We have therefore examined the distribution of several known members of the Na+-HCO[Formula: see text] cotransporter (NBC) family in the parotid and submandibular glands. By use of a combination of RT-PCR and immunoblotting analyses, the electroneutral cotransporters NBC3 and NBCn1 mRNA and protein expression were detected in both human and rat tissues. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that NBC3 was present at the apical membranes of acinar and duct cells in both human and rat parotid and submandibular glands. NBCn1 was strongly expressed at the basolateral membrane of striated duct cells but not in the acinar cells in the human salivary glands, whereas little or no NBCn1 labeling was observed in the rat salivary glands. The presence of NBCn1 at the basolateral membrane of human striated duct cells suggests that it may contribute to ductal HCO[Formula: see text] secretion. In contrast, the expression of NBC3 at the apical membranes of acinar and duct cells in both human and rat salivary glands indicates a possible role of this isoform in HCO[Formula: see text] salvage under resting conditions.

scholarly journals The use of intragastric nutrition to study saliva secretion and the relationship between rumen osmotic pressure and water transport

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Y. Zhao ◽  
M. Durić ◽  
N. A. Macleod ◽  
E. R. ØRskov ◽  
F. D. Deb. Hovell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Saliva Secretion ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Water Outflow ◽  
The Relationship

Four sheep sustained by intragastric nutrition were used to study saliva secretion and the relationship between osmotic pressure in the rumen and net water transport across the rumen wall. Different concentrations of buffer were infused into the rumen to change the rumen osmotic pressure. Salivary secretion was estimated from entrance of P into the rumen. Net water transport across the rumen wall was calculated as the difference between water inflow and water outflow from the rumen. A negative linear relationship between the rumen osmotic pressure (X, mOsm/kg) and the water absorption across the rumen wall (Y, ml/h) was found: Y = (394 SE 8·3)–(l·22 SE 0·03) X, r20·83, (P < 0·001), and a positive linear relationship was found between the rumen osmotic pressure (X, mOsm /kg) and the outflow rate of rumen fluid (Y, ml/h): Y = (34·0 SE 8·0) + (0·97 SE 0·03), X, r2 0·56, (P < 0·001). The implication is that rumen osmotic pressure can be a key factor in the control of the net water transport across the rumen wall, the outflow of rumen fluid to omasum and the rumen liquid dilution rate. A method is suggested by which salivary secretion in sheep may be calculated from the water balance in the rumen.

Spatial organization of digestive processes in an adult carabid beetle, Scaphinotus marginatus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1200-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Cheeseman ◽  
G. Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Carabid Beetle ◽  
Digestive Processes

Adults of Scaphinotus marginatus liquefy and lubricate food prior to ingestion by the application of a fluid containing trypsin and chymotrypsin. This fluid is unlikely to be a salivary secretion because carabids, like other coleopterans, lack well-developed salivary glands. Results indicate that the midgut secretes these enzymes but that they are stored in the crop from which they are regurgitated onto the food prior to feeding. After ingestion, food is stored and digested in the crop. The structure of a proventricular valve in relation to regurgitation and crop storage is discussed.

Pig courtship behaviour: pheromonal property of androstene steroids in male submaxillary secretion

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Perry ◽  
R. L. S. Patterson ◽  
H. J. H. MacFie ◽  
C. G. Stinson
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Courtship Behaviour ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
Young Boars ◽  
Detailed Record

ABSTRACTThe influence of the odoriferous androstene steroids upon the response and courtship behaviour of gilts has been studied. These steroids are normally present in the submaxillary salivary glands of the boar, and have been shown previously to be an aid in the artificial insemination of gilts. Glands were excised from young boars after weaning, and at 6 months of age the ability of the boars to elicit a standing response from oestrous gilts was compared with that of littermate controls. In addition, a detailed record was made of behavioural activities performed by both gilts and boars, under a standard test procedure.Analysis of the data showed that the presence of the glands was essential for normal behavioural patterns in both the females and the males. When confronted with a treated boar, the gilts were affected in three ways: approaching oestrus, they did not respond as early as they did to the controls; the intensity of their response was reduced; and it was held for a shorter period. The demeanour of the treated males was passive and unconcerned, i n contrast to the easily-aroused aggressive nature of the controls. The characteristic viscous salivary secretion was absent, and the scrotal sac was less pronounced and supported closer to the body.These results suggest that elimination of the white, frothy saliva normally containing and dispersing the androstene steroids not only reduces the boar's ability to command and elicit a full sexual response from oestrous gilts, but it also reduces his own libido. In conjunction with previous work, these studies provide evidence for the pheromonal properties of androstenone and androstenol.

scholarly journals THE INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVITY OF MINERAL WATER "FATEEVSKAYA" IN PATIENTS WHO USE REMOVABLE DENTAL CONSTRUCTIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
Ольга Садыкова ◽  
Ol'ga Sadykova ◽  
Сергей Жолудев ◽  
Sergey Zholudev ◽  
Антон Еликов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Mineral Water ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Before And After

Subject. Removable dentures have a negative impact on supporting tissues, biochemical parameters and composition of the microflora of the oral cavity, secretory activity of the salivary glands and other processes of the maxillofacial region and the body as a whole. One of the methods that can be used in the treatment and prevention of prosthetic stomatitis is balneotherapy. In the article, using the clinical, biochemical, microbiological and histological methods, the effectiveness of the use of mineral water "Fateevskaya" in patients using removable orthopedic structures was studied. Objectives of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of procedures for small balneotherapy with the use of mineral water "Fateevskaya" in patients with removable dentures. Methods.We examined 158 elderly and senile age patients with removable dentures. Correction of removable dentures was carried out to all patients at the initial stage. All examined patients are divided into two groups. The group received the treatment with the low balneotherapy with “Fateevskaya” mineral water (78 patients, and the clinical control group (80 patients). The clinical condition of oral cavity was assessed before and after the course of low balneotherapy. Were researched: changes of mucous membrane of prosthetic bed, salivation rates, disturbance of salivary secretion, oral microbiocenosis. Results.Of the research showed that in both groups were increase of pH value, appears lower values of total protein and glucose, decrease in activity of some enzymes. This explanation is due to a decrease in the stress response to using the removable dentures, normalization of salivary glands functioning, decrease in the intensity of the phlogiston process. The results of a histological research also confirm this. The results of microbiological crops before and after the low balneotherapy indicate the oral biocenosis normalization. The positive changes in the researched parameters had significantly larger statistically valid values in the group received the treatment with the low balneotherapy with “Fateevskaya” mineral water. The results of the complex research allow us to recommend the “Fateevskaya” mineral water to low balneotherapy in dental practice.

Identification and localization of aquaporin water channels in human salivary glands

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (1) ◽  
pp. G247-G254 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Gresz ◽  
T. H. Kwon ◽  
P. T. Hurley ◽  
G. Varga ◽  
T. Zelles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Water Channels ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Myoepithelial Cells ◽  
Capillary Endothelium ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Osmotic Water ◽  
Brain Expression ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Secondary Antibodies

Aquaporin (AQP) water channels are expressed in a variety of fluid-transporting epithelia and are likely to play a significant role in salivary secretion. Our aim was to identify and localize the aquaporins expressed in human salivary glands. Total RNA was extracted from human parotid, submandibular, sublingual, and labial glands and from human brain. Expression of aquaporin mRNA was assessed by RT-PCR using specific primers for human AQP1, AQP3, AQP4, and AQP5. All four aquaporins were detected by RT-PCR in all of the glands, and the sequences were confirmed after further amplification with nested primers. Cleaned PCR products were then used as 32P-labeled cDNA probes in a semiquantitative Northern blot analysis using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as reference. Only AQP1, AQP3, and AQP5 mRNAs were present at significant levels. AQP localization was determined by immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections using affinity-purified primary antibodies and peroxidase-linked secondary antibodies. Each salivary gland type showed a broadly similar staining pattern: AQP1 was localized to the capillary endothelium and myoepithelial cells; AQP3 was present in the basolateral membranes of both mucous and serous acinar cells; AQP4 was not detected; and AQP5 was expressed in the luminal and canalicular membranes of both types of acinar cell. We conclude that AQP3 and AQP5 together may provide a pathway for transcellular osmotic water flow in the formation of the primary saliva.

scholarly journals Atypical mating in a scorpionfly without a notal organ

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Zhong ◽  
Zi-Yi Qi ◽  
Bao-Zhen Hua
Keyword(s):  
Structural Foundation ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Mating Pattern ◽  
Nuptial Gifts ◽  
Female Resistance ◽  
Male And Female

Firm coupling of genitalia is critical for copulation in most groups of insects. To counter female resistance that usually breaks off genital connection, male scorpionflies (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) usually provide nuptial gifts for the female and seize their mates with grasping devices. The notal organ, a modified clamp on tergum III of male scorpionflies, plays a significant role in seizing the female wings and helping maintain mating position during copulation. The mating behaviour remains unknown for the scorpionfly Furcatopanorpa longihypovalva (Hua and Cai, 2009) whose male lacks a notal organ. In this paper, we first attempt to study the mating behaviour of F. longihypovalva. The results show that the male provides liquid salivary secretion through a mouth-to-mouth mode for the female, and maintains copulation mainly by continuous provision of salivary secretion rather than by seizing the female with grasping devices. Thus the male copulates with the female in an atypical O-shaped position, with only their mouthparts and genitalia connected to each other. The salivary glands exhibit remarkable sexual dimorphism: short and bifurcated in the female, but well-developed and multi-furcated in the male. The extremely developed salivary glands of the male lay a structural foundation for the male to continuously provide liquid salivary secretion, and to help the male to mediate female resistance, being likely to serve as a compensation to his absence of the notal organ. We also investigated the functional morphology and copulatory mechanism of the male and female genitalia. The evolution of the atypical mating pattern of F. longihypovalva is putatively discussed as an adaptation in the context of sexual conflict.

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