An Immunological Perspective on Evolutionary Relationships in Australian Frogs of the Hylid Genus Cyclorana

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
LR Maxson ◽  
DP Ondrula ◽  
MJ Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Species Relationships ◽  
Fixation Technique ◽  
Serum Albumins ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

Detailed morphological studies as well as recent biochemical analyses have demonstrated substantial differentiation within the widespread Australian hylid frog genus Cyclorana. To further investigate species relationships within Cyclorana, supplemental immunological studies were performed. Serum albumins of 10 species of Cyclorana and three species of the related hylid genus Litoria were compared by means of the quantitative micro-complement fixation technique. This analysis suggests that there are three Cyclorana lineages: C. maini, C. cultripes, C. brevipes and C. longipes forming one cluster, C. australis clustering with L. alboguttata, and C. platycephalus. All species of Cyclorana studied, as well as L. alboguttata, are genetically closest to, but distinct from, species in the L. aurea species-group.

Phylogenetic Relationships of Cyclorana and the Litoria aurea Species-Group (Anura: Hylidae): A Molecular Perspective

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 643 ◽  
Author(s):  
LR Maxson ◽  
MJ Tyler ◽  
RD Maxson
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Clock ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
Fixation Technique ◽  
Serum Albumins ◽  
Early Pliocene ◽  
Litoria Aurea

Serum albumins were compared in 17 species of Australian frogs by the quantitative micro-complement fixation technique. On the basis of albumin comparisons, all species of Cyclorana studied are phylogenetically closer to the L. aurea species-group than are other non-L. aurea group Litoria. Additionally, L. alboguttata is genetically closer to Cyclorana australis than any other frog tested (except for C. novaehollandiae) and clusters with the Cyclorana species, not with Litoria. By use of albumin as a molecular clock, it is estimated that the lineage leading to Cyclorana and the L. aurea species-group diverged in the Late Eocene from lineages leading to other Litoria. The lineages leading to the L. aurea group and to Cyclorana separated in the Oligocene. Eastern and western members of the L. aurea group diverged from each other in the Early Pliocene to Late Miocene, and not in the Pleistocene as is generally presumed.

CHEMISTRY OF GONADOTROPHINS IN RELATION TO THEIR ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (1_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S13-S30 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Butt
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Neuraminic Acid ◽  
Fixation Technique ◽  
Immunological Activity ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Specific Antisera ◽  
Structural Differences

ABSTRACT Several chemical differences between FSH, LH and HCG have been reported: thus LH and HCG are richer in proline than FSH and FSH and HCG contain more N-acetyl neuraminic acid than LH. Sub-units of LH are formed by treatment with urea, guanidine or acid. HCG also may contain two sub-units. The sub-units from LH are biologically inert but retain their immunological activity: biological activity is restored when the sub-units are incubated together. There is much evidence from chemical and enzymic reactions that antigenic groups are distinct from those parts of the molecule essential for biological activity. N-acetyl neuraminic acid and probably other carbohydrates in FSH and HCG are not involved in immunological activity but are necessary for biological activity. Histidine, methionine and possibly cysteine appear to be essential for biological but not immunological activity of FSH, while tryptophan and possibly tyrosine are not essential for either. A few highly specific antisera to gonadotrophins have been prepared in rabbits and guinea pigs to crude antigens: there is no evidence that purified antigens are more likely to produce specific antisera. Differences in the immunological reactivities of urinary compared with pituitary gonadotrophins have been observed both by radioimmunoassay and by the complement fixation technique. The latter may be particularly useful for detecting structural differences in the hormones.

Baetis majus sp. nov., new species of mayfly (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Far East of Russia

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4965 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-557
Author(s):  
TATIANA M. TIUNOVA ◽  
ALEXANDER A. SEMENCHENKO ◽  
XIAOLI TONG
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Nearest Neighbours ◽  
Differential Identification ◽  
Coi Sequences ◽  
Western Palaearctic

A new species, Baetis majus Tiunova sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on larvae and reared adults discovered in the Russian Far East. The differential identification of this species was determined by the characteristics of other representatives of the genus Baetis Leach, including subgenera Baetis Leach and Tenuibaetis Kang & Yang from Eastern and Western Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental regions. In addition to morphological studies, DNA barcoding of the described species with average intraspecific K2P distances to nearest neighbours is documented. We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of all available cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences of the subgenera of Baetis and Tenuibaetis from four regions. Bayesian analysis using 47 morphological characters additional to partial COI sequences did not allow to determine the species-group of the Baetis genus to which the described species belongs. 

STUDIES ON THE ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE OF HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 975-985 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Labzoffsky ◽  
J. B. Fischer ◽  
J. J. Hamvas
Keyword(s):  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Antigenic Structure ◽  
Fixation Technique ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Employing physical and chemical methods eight antigenic fractions were isolated from Histoplasma capsulatum as determined by complement fixation technique. Two of the fractions were found to cross-react with coccidioidal antisera, two with coccidioidal and Blastomyces antisera, one with Blastomyces antisera, while the remaining three displayed specificity by reacting with Histoplasma antisera only. Some evidence is presented to indicate that the isolated fractions are antigenically distinct.

scholarly journals COMPLEMENT FIXATION WITH THE NEUROTROPIC VIRUSES

1943 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter P. Havens ◽  
Dennis W. Watson ◽  
Robert H. Green ◽  
George I. Lavin ◽  
Joseph E. Smadel
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Fixation Technique ◽  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neurotropic Viruses ◽  
Immunological Reactions ◽  
Cross Immunity ◽  
Western Equine Encephalitis

Antigens capable of fixing complement specifically with the appropriate antibodies have been prepared from brain tissue of hamsters and mice infected with the viruses of St. Louis, Japanese, Western, and Eastern encephalitis, and with the West Nile virus. The antigens were freed of the material which reacts with normal serum by means of centrifugation at relatively high speed. In addition, the infectivity of the preparation was destroyed by irradiation with ultraviolet light. Cross reactions were demonstrated by means of the complement-fixation technique with materials from animals infected with the viruses of Eastern and Western equine encephalitis. No relationship was detectable by this procedure between St. Louis, Japanese, and West Nile viruses. These findings emphasize the need for further investigation and correlation of the immunological reactions of the groups of neurotropic viruses, since the equine agents are apparently unrelated when studied by neutralization and cross-immunity tests while these methods provide evidence of the presence of common antigenic structures in the St. Louis, Japanese, and West Nile agents.

scholarly journals Rapid Complement Fixation Technique for Estimating Complement-Fixing Antigen Elution Profiles of Viruses from Gel Filtration Columns1

1972 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-159
Author(s):  
Robert A. Cornesky ◽  
William McD. Hammon ◽  
Gladys E. Sather ◽  
Robert Atchison
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Fixation Technique

Evolution in sedges (Carex, Cyperaceae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1409-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Reznicek
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Species Relationships ◽  
Primitive State

Carex is the largest and most widespread genus of Cyperaceae, but evolutionary relationships within it are poorly understood. Subgenus Primocarex was generally thought to be artificial and derived from diverse multispicate species. Relationships of rachilla-bearing species of subgenus Primocarex, however, were disputed, with some authors suggesting derivation from other genera, and others believing them to be primitive. Subgenus Indocarex, with compounded inflorescence units, was thought to be primitive, with subgenera Carex and Vignea reduced and derived. However, occurrence of rachillas is not confined to a few unispicate species, as previously thought, but is widespread. The often suggested connection between Uncinia and unispicate Carex is shown, based on rachilla morphology, to be founded on incorrect interpretation of homology. Uncinia kingii, the alleged connecting link, is, in fact, a Carex. Unispicate Carex without close multispicate relatives probably originated from independent, ancient reductions of primitive, rachilla-bearing, multispicate Carex. The highly compounded inflorescences occurring in subgenus Vignea are hypothesized to represent a primitive state in Carex, and the more specialized inflorescences in subgenus Carex derived from inflorescences of this type. The relationships of subgenus Indocarex, with its unique perigynium-like inflorescence prophylls, remain unclear.

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