Evolution in sedges (Carex, Cyperaceae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1409-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Reznicek
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Species Relationships ◽  
Primitive State

Carex is the largest and most widespread genus of Cyperaceae, but evolutionary relationships within it are poorly understood. Subgenus Primocarex was generally thought to be artificial and derived from diverse multispicate species. Relationships of rachilla-bearing species of subgenus Primocarex, however, were disputed, with some authors suggesting derivation from other genera, and others believing them to be primitive. Subgenus Indocarex, with compounded inflorescence units, was thought to be primitive, with subgenera Carex and Vignea reduced and derived. However, occurrence of rachillas is not confined to a few unispicate species, as previously thought, but is widespread. The often suggested connection between Uncinia and unispicate Carex is shown, based on rachilla morphology, to be founded on incorrect interpretation of homology. Uncinia kingii, the alleged connecting link, is, in fact, a Carex. Unispicate Carex without close multispicate relatives probably originated from independent, ancient reductions of primitive, rachilla-bearing, multispicate Carex. The highly compounded inflorescences occurring in subgenus Vignea are hypothesized to represent a primitive state in Carex, and the more specialized inflorescences in subgenus Carex derived from inflorescences of this type. The relationships of subgenus Indocarex, with its unique perigynium-like inflorescence prophylls, remain unclear.

An Immunological Perspective on Evolutionary Relationships in Australian Frogs of the Hylid Genus Cyclorana

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
LR Maxson ◽  
DP Ondrula ◽  
MJ Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Species Relationships ◽  
Fixation Technique ◽  
Serum Albumins ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

Detailed morphological studies as well as recent biochemical analyses have demonstrated substantial differentiation within the widespread Australian hylid frog genus Cyclorana. To further investigate species relationships within Cyclorana, supplemental immunological studies were performed. Serum albumins of 10 species of Cyclorana and three species of the related hylid genus Litoria were compared by means of the quantitative micro-complement fixation technique. This analysis suggests that there are three Cyclorana lineages: C. maini, C. cultripes, C. brevipes and C. longipes forming one cluster, C. australis clustering with L. alboguttata, and C. platycephalus. All species of Cyclorana studied, as well as L. alboguttata, are genetically closest to, but distinct from, species in the L. aurea species-group.

scholarly journals Agrostis Species Relationships Based on trnL-trnF and atpI-atpH Intergenic Spacer Regions

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keenan Amundsen ◽  
Scott Warnke
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Species Relationships ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Chloroplast Genomes ◽  
Intergenic Regions ◽  
National Plant Germplasm System ◽  
High Degree

The bentgrasses (Agrostis spp.) are among the most important species to the turfgrass industry. They have complex genomes resulting from polyploidization and high rates of interspecific hybridization. An understanding of species relationships would improve the efficiency of developing improved bentgrass cultivars. To elucidate the evolutionary relationships among Agrostis species, phylogenetic analyses were performed on sequences of two chloroplast-encoded intergenic spacer regions. A 298-bp region of the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer and a 451-bp region of the atpI-atpH intergenic spacer were included in the analyses. A total of 47 Agrostis accessions were included with both cultivated and unimproved material from the National Plant Germplasm System. Of these 47 Agrostis collections, there were 10 unique trnL-trnF haplotypes and eight distinct atpI-atpH haplotypes, indicating a high degree of shared sequence identity within these chloroplast intergenic regions. These findings suggest that the chloroplast genomes of A. canina and A. stolonifera are more closely related to each other than either species is to A. capillaris, incongruent with our previous understanding of genome relationships in the genus.

Applications of CCEM to Environmental Health Problems

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 102-103
Author(s):  
R. J. Lee ◽  
J. S. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Computer Control ◽  
External Agent ◽  
External Agents ◽  
Computer Controlled ◽  
Primitive State ◽  
Textural Changes ◽  
General Aspects

Electron microscopy (EM), with the advent of computer control and image analysis techniques, is rapidly evolving from an interpretative science into a quantitative technique. Electron microscopy is potentially of value in two general aspects of environmental health: exposure and diagnosis.In diagnosis, electron microscopy is essentially an extension of optical microscopy. The goal is to characterize cellular changes induced by external agents. The external agent could be any foreign material, chemicals, or even stress. The use of electron microscopy as a diagnostic tool is well- developed, but computer-controlled electron microscopy (CCEM) has had only limited impact, mainly because it is fairly new and many institutions lack the resources to acquire the capability. In addition, major contributions to diagnosis will come from CCEM only when image analysis (IA) and processing algorithms are developed which allow the morphological and textural changes recognized by experienced medical practioners to be quantified. The application of IA techniques to compare cellular structure is still in a primitive state.

Automated assembly—still in the primitive state?

1980 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Gunter Wittenberg
Keyword(s):  
Automated Assembly ◽  
Primitive State

Monosaccharide Biosynthesis Pathways Database

Glycobiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaya Srivastava ◽  
P Sunthar ◽  
Petety V Balaji
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profiling ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Enzyme Assays ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
Natural Glycans

Abstract A distinctive feature of glycans vis-à-vis proteins and nucleic acids is its structural complexity which arises from the huge repertoire of monosaccharides, isomeric linkages and branching. A very large number of monosaccharides have so far been discovered in natural glycans. Experimentally, pathways for the biosynthesis have been characterized completely for 55 monosaccharides and partially for a few more. However, there is no single platform which provides information about monosaccharide biosynthesis pathways and associated enzymes We have gathered 572 experimentally characterized enzymes of 66 biosynthesis pathways from literature and set up a first of its kind database called the Monosaccharide Biosynthesis Pathways Database http://www.bio.iitb.ac.in/mbpd/). Annotations such as the reaction catalysed, substrate specificity, biosynthesis pathway and PubMed IDs are provided for all the enzymes in the database. Sequence homologs of the experimentally characterized enzymes found in nearly 13,000 completely sequenced genomes from Bacteria and Archaea have also been included in the database. This platform will help in the deduction of evolutionary relationships among enzymes such as aminotransferases, nucleotidyltransferases, acetyltransferases and SDR family enzymes. It can also facilitate experimental studies such as direct enzyme assays to validate putative annotations, establish structure–function relationship, expression profiling to determine the function, determine the phenotypic consequences of gene knock-out/knock-in and complementation studies.

scholarly journals A new lineage of mazaediate fungi in the Eurotiomycetes: Cryptocaliciomycetidae subclass. nov., based on the new species Cryptocalicium blascoi and the revision of the ascoma evolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 889-904
Author(s):  
M. Prieto ◽  
Javier Etayo ◽  
I. Olariaga
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
External Surface ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
New Order ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Multigene Phylogeny ◽  
State Reconstruction ◽  
Distinct Structure ◽  
Dark Violet

AbstractThe class Eurotiomycetes (Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina) comprises important fungi used for medical, agricultural, industrial and scientific purposes. Eurotiomycetes is a morphologically and ecologically diverse monophyletic group. Within the Eurotiomycetes, different ascoma morphologies are found including cleistothecia and perithecia but also apothecia or stromatic forms. Mazaediate representatives (with a distinct structure in which loose masses of ascospores accumulate to be passively disseminated) have evolved independently several times. Here we describe a new mazaediate species belonging to the Eurotiomycetes. The multigene phylogeny produced (7 gene regions: nuLSU, nuSSU, 5.8S nuITS, mtSSU, RPB1, RPB2 and MCM7) placed the new species in a lineage sister to Eurotiomycetidae. Based on the evolutionary relationships and morphology, a new subclass, a new order, family and genus are described to place the new species: Cryptocalicium blascoi. This calicioid species occurs on the inner side of loose bark strips of Cupressaceae (Cupressus, Juniperus). Morphologically, C. blascoi is characterized by having minute apothecioid stalked ascomata producing mazaedia, clavate bitunicate asci with hemiamyloid reaction, presence of hamathecium and an apothecial external surface with dark violet granules that becomes turquoise green in KOH. The ancestral state reconstruction analyses support a common ancestor with open ascomata for all deep nodes in Eurotiomycetes and the evolution of closed ascomata (cleistothecioid in Eurotiomycetidae and perithecioid in Chaetothyriomycetidae) from apothecioid ancestors. The appropriateness of the description of a new subclass for this fungus is also discussed.

scholarly journals Annelid Diversity: Historical Overview and Future Perspectives

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
María Capa ◽  
Pat Hutchings
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Molecular Taxonomy ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Species Numbers ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
A New Species

Annelida is a ubiquitous, common and diverse group of organisms, found in terrestrial, fresh waters and marine environments. Despite the large efforts put into resolving the evolutionary relationships of these and other Lophotrochozoa, and the delineation of the basal nodes within the group, these are still unanswered. Annelida holds an enormous diversity of forms and biological strategies alongside a large number of species, following Arthropoda, Mollusca, Vertebrata and perhaps Platyhelminthes, among the species most rich in phyla within Metazoa. The number of currently accepted annelid species changes rapidly when taxonomic groups are revised due to synonymies and descriptions of a new species. The group is also experiencing a recent increase in species numbers as a consequence of the use of molecular taxonomy methods, which allows the delineation of the entities within species complexes. This review aims at succinctly reviewing the state-of-the-art of annelid diversity and summarizing the main systematic revisions carried out in the group. Moreover, it should be considered as the introduction to the papers that form this Special Issue on Systematics and Biodiversity of Annelids.

scholarly journals Ophiocordyceps salganeicola, a parasite of social cockroaches in Japan and insights into the evolution of other closely-related Blattodea-associated lineages

IMA Fungus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
João P. M. Araújo ◽  
Mitsuru G. Moriguchi ◽  
Shigeru Uchiyama ◽  
Noriko Kinjo ◽  
Yu Matsuura
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Ryukyu Archipelago ◽  
Phylogenetic Placement ◽  
The Social ◽  
Host Jump ◽  
High Degree ◽  
A New Species

AbstractThe entomopathogenic genus Ophiocordyceps includes a highly diverse group of fungal species, predominantly parasitizing insects in the orders Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. However, other insect orders are also parasitized by these fungi, for example the Blattodea (termites and cockroaches). Despite their ubiquity in nearly all environments insects occur, blattodeans are rarely found infected by filamentous fungi and thus, their ecology and evolutionary history remain obscure. In this study, we propose a new species of Ophiocordyceps infecting the social cockroaches Salganea esakii and S. taiwanensis, based on 16 years of collections and field observations in Japan, especially in the Ryukyu Archipelago. We found a high degree of genetic similarity between specimens from different islands, infecting these two Salganea species and that this relationship is ancient, likely not originating from a recent host jump. Furthermore, we found that Ophiocordyceps lineages infecting cockroaches evolved around the same time, at least twice, one from beetles and the other from termites. We have also investigated the evolutionary relationships between Ophiocordyceps and termites and present the phylogenetic placement of O. cf. blattae. Our analyses also show that O. sinensis could have originated from an ancestor infecting termite, instead of beetle larvae as previously proposed.

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