Phylogenetic Relationships of Cyclorana and the Litoria aurea Species-Group (Anura: Hylidae): A Molecular Perspective

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 643 ◽  
Author(s):  
LR Maxson ◽  
MJ Tyler ◽  
RD Maxson
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Clock ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
Fixation Technique ◽  
Serum Albumins ◽  
Early Pliocene ◽  
Litoria Aurea

Serum albumins were compared in 17 species of Australian frogs by the quantitative micro-complement fixation technique. On the basis of albumin comparisons, all species of Cyclorana studied are phylogenetically closer to the L. aurea species-group than are other non-L. aurea group Litoria. Additionally, L. alboguttata is genetically closer to Cyclorana australis than any other frog tested (except for C. novaehollandiae) and clusters with the Cyclorana species, not with Litoria. By use of albumin as a molecular clock, it is estimated that the lineage leading to Cyclorana and the L. aurea species-group diverged in the Late Eocene from lineages leading to other Litoria. The lineages leading to the L. aurea group and to Cyclorana separated in the Oligocene. Eastern and western members of the L. aurea group diverged from each other in the Early Pliocene to Late Miocene, and not in the Pleistocene as is generally presumed.

An Immunological Perspective on Evolutionary Relationships in Australian Frogs of the Hylid Genus Cyclorana

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
LR Maxson ◽  
DP Ondrula ◽  
MJ Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Species Relationships ◽  
Fixation Technique ◽  
Serum Albumins ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

Detailed morphological studies as well as recent biochemical analyses have demonstrated substantial differentiation within the widespread Australian hylid frog genus Cyclorana. To further investigate species relationships within Cyclorana, supplemental immunological studies were performed. Serum albumins of 10 species of Cyclorana and three species of the related hylid genus Litoria were compared by means of the quantitative micro-complement fixation technique. This analysis suggests that there are three Cyclorana lineages: C. maini, C. cultripes, C. brevipes and C. longipes forming one cluster, C. australis clustering with L. alboguttata, and C. platycephalus. All species of Cyclorana studied, as well as L. alboguttata, are genetically closest to, but distinct from, species in the L. aurea species-group.

Total evidence analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of bandicoots and bilbies (Marsupialia: Peramelemorphia): reassessment of two species and description of a new species

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4378 (2) ◽  
pp. 224 ◽  
Author(s):  
KENNY J. TRAVOUILLON ◽  
MATTHEW J. PHILLIPS
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Total Evidence ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Early Pliocene ◽  
Evidence Analysis ◽  
A New Species

The phylogenetic relationships of bandicoots and bilbies have been somewhat problematic, with conflicting results between morphological work and molecular data. This conflict makes it difficult to assess the taxonomic status of species and subspecies within this order, and also prevents accurate evolutionary assessments. Here, we present a new total evidence analysis, combining the latest cranio-dental morphological matrix containing both modern and fossil taxa, with molecular data from GenBank. Several subspecies were scored in the morphological dataset to match the molecular data available. Both parsimony and Bayesian analyses were performed, giving similar topologies except for the position of four fossil taxa. Total evidence dating places the peramelemorphian crown origin close to the Oligocene/Miocene boundary, and the radiations of most modern genera beginning in the Late Miocene or Early Pliocene. Our results show that some species and subspecies require taxonomic reassessment, and are revised here. We also describe a new, extinct species from the Nullarbor region. This suggests that the number of recently extinct peramelemorphian species is likely to further increase. 

scholarly journals Late Miocene diversification and phylogenetic relationships of the huge toads in the Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) species group (Anura: Bufonidae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 787-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natan Medeiros Maciel ◽  
Rosane Garcia Collevatti ◽  
Guarino Rinaldi Colli ◽  
Elisabeth Ferroni Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Late Miocene ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Rhinella Marina

Phylogenetic-Relationships Among Australian Tree Frogs (Anura, Hylidae, Pelodryadinae) - an Immunological Approach

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
MN Hutchinson ◽  
LR Maxson
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Litoria Aurea ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Outgroup Taxon ◽  
Tree Frogs ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses

Phylogenetic relationships among hylid frogs of the Australian region were studied by micro-complement fixation comparisons of serum albumin. Although our data support current species-group arrangements, we do not find good agreement between our phylogenetic hypotheses and those derived from morphological and karyological studies. Immunological analyses provide data which allow the construction of a phylogeny for the Australian radiation of the speciose genus Litoria, and suggest dividing the species of Litoria examined into five major species-assemblages, each of which is probably monophyletic. The sister- group relationship between the Litoria aurea group and Cyclorana is confirmed, and the diphyletic origin of the terrestrial hylids is supported. The radiation of Australian hylids is monophyletic with respect to the outgroup taxon (Hyla) used in this study, and the origin of diversification within the genus correlates well with estimates of the final separation of Australia from Antarctica-South America. Preliminary data suggest that the endemic New Guinean taxa (Nyctimystes and the montane Litoria) are closely related to the Australian 'freycineti' assemblage within Litoria. Albumin from Litoria infrafrenata cross-reacted poorly with all available Australian antisera, suggesting that this species may have originated independently of the rest of the Australian hylids. Our data support the classification of Australian tree frogs as hylids, rather than as leptodactyloid offshoots.

Relationships among Discoglossid Frogs : An Albumin Perspective

1984 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda R. Maxson ◽  
Jacek M. Szymura
Keyword(s):  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Fixation Technique ◽  
Common Gene ◽  
Separate Family ◽  
Discoglossus Pictus ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Alytes Obstetricans

Relationships among frogs of the genera Alytes, Bombina, Discoglossus, and Baleaphryne were studied using the quantitative immunological micro-complement fixation technique. Albumins were compared among these genera as well as among several species of each genus. Our results indicate that the closest genetic relative of Baleaphryne muletensis is Alytes obstetricians. Moreover, the albumins of Baleaphryne and A. obstetricians are as similar or more similar to each other than the albumins of all four species of Bom bina, both species of Discoglossus, or the two species of Alytes available for study are to each other. We conclude that Baleaphryne is congeneric with Alytes. The distances measured among Alytes, Bombina, and Discoglossus suggest a Cretaceous (85-92 MYBP) divergence of Alytes from the lineage that later gave rise to Bombina and Discoglossus. These latter two genera appear to have diverged in the late Cretaceous, roughly 69-75 MYBP. Extant species of Bombina began diverging in the mid- to late-Miocene, as did Alytes obstetricans and A. cistemasii. Discoglossus pictus and D. sardus in Europe last shared a common gene pool in the Pliocene. Albumins of individuals of D. pictus from Spain compared with northwestern African D. pictus suggest that these populations have been separated for some 9-10 million years, and are probably not conspecific. Our findings do not support Lanza et al.’s (1975, 1976) suggestions that Bombina and Alytes belong in the separate family Bombinidae.

CHEMISTRY OF GONADOTROPHINS IN RELATION TO THEIR ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (1_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S13-S30 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Butt
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Neuraminic Acid ◽  
Fixation Technique ◽  
Immunological Activity ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Specific Antisera ◽  
Structural Differences

ABSTRACT Several chemical differences between FSH, LH and HCG have been reported: thus LH and HCG are richer in proline than FSH and FSH and HCG contain more N-acetyl neuraminic acid than LH. Sub-units of LH are formed by treatment with urea, guanidine or acid. HCG also may contain two sub-units. The sub-units from LH are biologically inert but retain their immunological activity: biological activity is restored when the sub-units are incubated together. There is much evidence from chemical and enzymic reactions that antigenic groups are distinct from those parts of the molecule essential for biological activity. N-acetyl neuraminic acid and probably other carbohydrates in FSH and HCG are not involved in immunological activity but are necessary for biological activity. Histidine, methionine and possibly cysteine appear to be essential for biological but not immunological activity of FSH, while tryptophan and possibly tyrosine are not essential for either. A few highly specific antisera to gonadotrophins have been prepared in rabbits and guinea pigs to crude antigens: there is no evidence that purified antigens are more likely to produce specific antisera. Differences in the immunological reactivities of urinary compared with pituitary gonadotrophins have been observed both by radioimmunoassay and by the complement fixation technique. The latter may be particularly useful for detecting structural differences in the hormones.

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