Electrochemical studies of molten salts. III. E.M.F.'s of concentration cells with transference and diffusion potentials for PbCl2+CsCl mixtures

1968 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 2649
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
AJ Easteal
Keyword(s):  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Electrolyte Composition ◽  
Lead Chloride ◽  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
Diffusion Potentials ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Concentration Cells

The e.m.f.'s of concentration cells with transference containing PbC12 + CsCl molten mixtures have been measured as functions of temperature and electrolyte composition. Graphs of cell e.m.f. against temperature are sets of intersecting straight lines, as are graphs of cell e.m.f. against the negative logarithm of the mole fraction of PbCl2. Diffusion potentials for junctions between pure molten PbCl2 and molten PbCl2 + CsCl mixtures have been determined, as functions of temperature and mixture composition. The results are interpreted to indicate the existence of complex lead-chloride ionic species in the mixtures.

Electrochemical studies of molten salts. IV. Electromotive forces of concentration cells with transference and diffusion potentials for PbCl2+KCl mixtures

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Easteal ◽  
SJ Heron
Keyword(s):  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Electrolyte Composition ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
Diffusion Potentials ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Concentration Cells

The e.m.f.'s of concentration cells with transference containing PbCl2+KCl molten mixtures have been measured as functions of temperature and electrolyte composition, and compared with previously published data. Graphs of cell e.m.f. against temperature are sets of intersecting straight lines, as are graphs of cell e.m.f. against the negative logarithm of the mole fraction of PbCl2. ��� Diffusion potentials for junctions between pure PbCl2 and PbCl2+KCl mixtures have been evaluated, as functions of temperature and mixture composition. ��� The interpretation of the results supports the hypothesis of the existence of complex lead-chloro ionic species in the electrolytes.

Electrochemical studies of molten salt mixtures. I. The electromotive forces of concentration cells with transference containing the molten electrolytesystems PbBr2 + CsBr, PbBr2 + RbBr, and PbBr2 + KBr

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
AJ Easteal
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Electrolyte Composition ◽  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
Liquid Junction ◽  
Salt Mixtures ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
Salt Systems ◽  
Concentration Cells

The e.m.f.'s of concentration cells with transference (i.e. with liquid junction), containing the binary molten salt systems, PbBr2+CsBr, PbBr2+RbBr, and PbBr2+KBr, have been measured as functions of temperature and electrolyte composition. The cell e.m.f.'s have been found to vary with temperature and electrolyte composition in a discontinuous manner: graphs of cell e.m.f. against temperature are in general a number of intersecting straight lines, as are graphs of cell e.m.f. against the negative logarithm of the mole fraction of one component.

Electrochemical studies of molten salts. II. Diffusion potentials for the binary systems PbBr2 + CsBr, PbBr2 + RbBr, and PbBr2 + KBr

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1779
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
AJ Easteal
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
Lead Bromide ◽  
Diffusion Potentials ◽  
Salt Systems

Diffusion potentials have been determined, as a function of temperature and composition, for liquid junctions formed in the molten salt systems, PbBr2 + CsBr, PbBr2 + RbBr, and PbBr2 + KBr. The results are interpreted to indicate the existence of complex lead bromide species in these mixtures, particularly the ion PbBr-3.

scholarly journals Excitation of skinned muscle fibers by imposed ion gradients. I. Stimulation of 45Ca efflux at constant [K][Cl] product.

1985 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 813-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
E W Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Isometric Force ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Skinned Muscle ◽  
Skinned Muscle Fibers ◽  
Diffusion Potentials ◽  
45Ca Efflux ◽  
Osmotic Effects ◽  
45Ca Release ◽  
And Diffusion

45Ca efflux from skinned muscle fibers is stimulated transiently, by a highly Ca2+-dependent mechanism, by KCl replacement of K propionate. In the present studies, Cl replaced the much less permeant anion methanesulfonate (Mes) either (a) at constant [K], in which increased [K][Cl] permits net KCl and water flux across internal membranes, or (b) at constant [K][Cl] (choline substitution), in which the imposed gradients and diffusion potentials should dissipate slowly. 45Ca efflux and isometric force were measured simultaneously on segments of frog semitendinosus fibers skinned by microdissection. EGTA was applied to chelate released 45Ca either (a) shortly after high [Cl] (interrupted response), to minimize reaccumulation, (b) before high [Cl] (pretreated response), to evaluate Ca2+ dependence, or (c) under control conditions in KMes. KCl replacement of KMes stimulated release of 65% fiber 45Ca within 1 min in interrupted responses; EGTA pretreatment was only moderately inhibitory with substantial residual stimulation. In contrast, choline Cl replacement of KMes induced release of 26-35% fiber 45Ca in interrupted responses; EGTA pretreatment was strongly inhibitory, but release significantly exceeded control with a small, sustained increase in Ca2+-insensitive efflux. These differences in 45Ca release and EGTA inhibition suggest that Cl replacement of Mes at constant [K] stimulates efflux by osmotic effects as well as imposed diffusion potentials; at least half the stimulated 45Ca loss (above control) in interrupted KCl responses is attributable to an osmotic component with low Ca2+ sensitivity. In the highly Ca2+-sensitive stimulation at constant [K][Cl], 45Ca release (above control) in interrupted responses correlated well with that in the pretreated responses of segments from the same fiber, with a slope of 8.4. This relationship suggests that imposed diffusion potentials stimulate a small Ca2+-insensitive component that gradates a much larger Ca2+-dependent efflux. The Ca2+-insensitive component apparently reflects intermediate steps in the excitation-contraction coupling that require positive feedback to result in sufficient Ca release for contraction.

Effect of temperature on cyclic voltammograms during the electrodeposition of lead

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdy Girgis ◽  
Edward Ghali
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Study ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Lead Chloride ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Cyclic Voltammograms ◽  
Tafel Slopes ◽  
As Adsorption ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Potentiostatic Transients

The electrochemical behavior of lead deposition process in a temperature range between 25 and 75 °C was studied in a medium of lead chloride and ammonium acetate by linear and cyclic sweep perturbation. The study was undertaken on four substrates: Pb, Cu, Ag, and C. An increase in temperature resulted in accelerating the deposition process and promoted dendrite formation. Moreover, different kinetic parameters such as adsorption isotherms, Tafel slopes, and diffusion coefficient were affected as a function of temperature elevation. Surface analytical study performed by Auger electron spectroscopy revealed an increase in peak intensities of Cl and Pb as the temperature increased. Keywords: electrodeposition, cyclic voltammetry, potentiostatic transients, underpotential deposition, temperature effect.

Electrochemical Studies on Ionic Nitride Solutions in Molten Salts

1979 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bonomi ◽  
M. Hadate ◽  
F. Breda
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salts ◽  
Electrochemical Studies

Electrochemical Studies on Kinetics and Diffusion of Li-Ions in MnO2 Electrodes

2019 ◽  
Vol 166 (12) ◽  
pp. A2629-A2635
Author(s):  
Daulatabad Narsimulu ◽  
Sourav Ghosh ◽  
Madhushri Bhar ◽  
Surendra K. Martha
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
And Diffusion

Viscosity, Conductivity and Density of Fused Silver Chloride Doped with MeCln (Me = Li, K, Cs, Ba) in the Mole Fraction Region 0 ≦xdopant ≦0.1

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 1151-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio G. W. Greening ◽  
Konrad G. Weil
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Coulomb Interaction ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Alkali Halides ◽  
Molar Conductivity ◽  
Electrolytic Conductivity ◽  
Strong Increase

The density, the electrolytic conductivity, and the viscosity of molten silver chloride doped with LiCl, KCl, CsCl, and BaCl2 have been measured in the concentration range 0 ≦x dopant ≦0.1 and temperature range 740 K ≧ Tm ≦900 K. The molar conductivity, Λ, decreases linearly with x dopant , the curve being independent of the charge of the added cation. Only in the case of LiCl is a very small increase of Λ observed. The viscosity of the melt remains virtually unchanged when doped with alkali halides. Addition of BaCl2 leads to a strong increase of the viscosity. The findings show that for these systems no correlation exists between the conductivity and the viscosity. It is further suggested that there is a strong influence of the long range Coulomb interaction on the viscosity of molten salts.

Evaluation of an HDPE geomembrane after 14 years as a leachate lagoon liner

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 536-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Kerry Rowe ◽  
Henri P Sangam ◽  
Craig B Lake
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Species ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Compacted Clay ◽  
Composite Liner ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Liner System ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
And Diffusion

A geomembrane – compacted clay composite liner system used to contain municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate for 14 years is evaluated. Field observations of the geomembrane revealed many defects, including holes, patches, and cracks. Physical, chemical, and mechanical tests conducted on samples collected from five different locations of the liner suggest that samples continuously exposed to sunlight and high temperatures experienced more degradation compared to samples that were covered by leachate or soil. Sorption and diffusion tests revealed that the permeation coefficients of volatile organic compounds were in the range of 4 × 10–12 to 6 × 10–11 m2/s and that, with respect to these parameters, there was no significant difference between samples with different exposure levels. However, the permeation coefficients were between four and five times lower than values obtained for unaged HDPE geomembranes typical of present day production. Contaminant modelling of the entire lagoon liner suggests that the geomembrane liner most likely stopped being effective as a contaminant barrier to ionic species sometime between 0 and 4 years after the installation.Key words: liquid containment, composite liner, diffusion, HDPE geomembrane, performance.

The Effect of Indium Mole Fraction on the Growth Behavior of Your InxGa1-xAs Nanowires (NWs) Grown Using MOCVD

2013 ◽  
Vol 667 ◽  
pp. 224-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zulkafli Othaman ◽  
Edy Wibowo ◽  
Samsudi Sakrani
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Field Emission ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Growth Mechanism ◽  
Growth Behavior ◽  
Uniform Diameter ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Scanning Electron

InxGa1-xAs NWs have been grown with various indium mole fractions (x) using MOCVD. The morphology of InxGa1-xAs NWs was observed using Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) in order to study the growth behavior of the NWs. FE-SEM results show that the NWs growth mechanism has changed due to changing of indium mole fraction. At low indium mole fraction, the NWs grew via direct impinging mechanism which has produced NWs with relatively uniform diameter. By increasing the value of x the growth mechanism has transformed to the combination of direct impinging and diffusion of source atoms from the surface of substrate causing tapering of NWs. The degree of tapering increases with increasing value of indium mole fraction. InxGa1-xAs NW grown at x = 0.65 has the highest tapering factor, TF = 12.82, whereas NW grown at x = 0.41 has the lowest tapering factor, TF = 2.76.

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