Electrochemical studies of molten salts. IV. Electromotive forces of concentration cells with transference and diffusion potentials for PbCl2+KCl mixtures

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Easteal ◽  
SJ Heron
Keyword(s):  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Electrolyte Composition ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
Diffusion Potentials ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Concentration Cells

The e.m.f.'s of concentration cells with transference containing PbCl2+KCl molten mixtures have been measured as functions of temperature and electrolyte composition, and compared with previously published data. Graphs of cell e.m.f. against temperature are sets of intersecting straight lines, as are graphs of cell e.m.f. against the negative logarithm of the mole fraction of PbCl2. ��� Diffusion potentials for junctions between pure PbCl2 and PbCl2+KCl mixtures have been evaluated, as functions of temperature and mixture composition. ��� The interpretation of the results supports the hypothesis of the existence of complex lead-chloro ionic species in the electrolytes.

Electrochemical studies of molten salts. III. E.M.F.'s of concentration cells with transference and diffusion potentials for PbCl2+CsCl mixtures

1968 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 2649
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
AJ Easteal
Keyword(s):  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Electrolyte Composition ◽  
Lead Chloride ◽  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
Diffusion Potentials ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Concentration Cells

The e.m.f.'s of concentration cells with transference containing PbC12 + CsCl molten mixtures have been measured as functions of temperature and electrolyte composition. Graphs of cell e.m.f. against temperature are sets of intersecting straight lines, as are graphs of cell e.m.f. against the negative logarithm of the mole fraction of PbCl2. Diffusion potentials for junctions between pure molten PbCl2 and molten PbCl2 + CsCl mixtures have been determined, as functions of temperature and mixture composition. The results are interpreted to indicate the existence of complex lead-chloride ionic species in the mixtures.

Electrochemical studies of molten salt mixtures. I. The electromotive forces of concentration cells with transference containing the molten electrolytesystems PbBr2 + CsBr, PbBr2 + RbBr, and PbBr2 + KBr

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
AJ Easteal
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Electrolyte Composition ◽  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
Liquid Junction ◽  
Salt Mixtures ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
Salt Systems ◽  
Concentration Cells

The e.m.f.'s of concentration cells with transference (i.e. with liquid junction), containing the binary molten salt systems, PbBr2+CsBr, PbBr2+RbBr, and PbBr2+KBr, have been measured as functions of temperature and electrolyte composition. The cell e.m.f.'s have been found to vary with temperature and electrolyte composition in a discontinuous manner: graphs of cell e.m.f. against temperature are in general a number of intersecting straight lines, as are graphs of cell e.m.f. against the negative logarithm of the mole fraction of one component.

Electrochemical studies of molten salts. II. Diffusion potentials for the binary systems PbBr2 + CsBr, PbBr2 + RbBr, and PbBr2 + KBr

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1779
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
AJ Easteal
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
Lead Bromide ◽  
Diffusion Potentials ◽  
Salt Systems

Diffusion potentials have been determined, as a function of temperature and composition, for liquid junctions formed in the molten salt systems, PbBr2 + CsBr, PbBr2 + RbBr, and PbBr2 + KBr. The results are interpreted to indicate the existence of complex lead bromide species in these mixtures, particularly the ion PbBr-3.

scholarly journals Excitation of skinned muscle fibers by imposed ion gradients. I. Stimulation of 45Ca efflux at constant [K][Cl] product.

1985 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 813-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
E W Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Isometric Force ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Skinned Muscle ◽  
Skinned Muscle Fibers ◽  
Diffusion Potentials ◽  
45Ca Efflux ◽  
Osmotic Effects ◽  
45Ca Release ◽  
And Diffusion

45Ca efflux from skinned muscle fibers is stimulated transiently, by a highly Ca2+-dependent mechanism, by KCl replacement of K propionate. In the present studies, Cl replaced the much less permeant anion methanesulfonate (Mes) either (a) at constant [K], in which increased [K][Cl] permits net KCl and water flux across internal membranes, or (b) at constant [K][Cl] (choline substitution), in which the imposed gradients and diffusion potentials should dissipate slowly. 45Ca efflux and isometric force were measured simultaneously on segments of frog semitendinosus fibers skinned by microdissection. EGTA was applied to chelate released 45Ca either (a) shortly after high [Cl] (interrupted response), to minimize reaccumulation, (b) before high [Cl] (pretreated response), to evaluate Ca2+ dependence, or (c) under control conditions in KMes. KCl replacement of KMes stimulated release of 65% fiber 45Ca within 1 min in interrupted responses; EGTA pretreatment was only moderately inhibitory with substantial residual stimulation. In contrast, choline Cl replacement of KMes induced release of 26-35% fiber 45Ca in interrupted responses; EGTA pretreatment was strongly inhibitory, but release significantly exceeded control with a small, sustained increase in Ca2+-insensitive efflux. These differences in 45Ca release and EGTA inhibition suggest that Cl replacement of Mes at constant [K] stimulates efflux by osmotic effects as well as imposed diffusion potentials; at least half the stimulated 45Ca loss (above control) in interrupted KCl responses is attributable to an osmotic component with low Ca2+ sensitivity. In the highly Ca2+-sensitive stimulation at constant [K][Cl], 45Ca release (above control) in interrupted responses correlated well with that in the pretreated responses of segments from the same fiber, with a slope of 8.4. This relationship suggests that imposed diffusion potentials stimulate a small Ca2+-insensitive component that gradates a much larger Ca2+-dependent efflux. The Ca2+-insensitive component apparently reflects intermediate steps in the excitation-contraction coupling that require positive feedback to result in sufficient Ca release for contraction.

Electrochemical Studies on Ionic Nitride Solutions in Molten Salts

1979 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bonomi ◽  
M. Hadate ◽  
F. Breda
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salts ◽  
Electrochemical Studies

Mesopores inside electrode particles can change the Li-ion transport mechanism and diffusion-induced stress

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1433-1440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Harris ◽  
Rutooj D. Deshpande ◽  
Yue Qi ◽  
Indrajit Dutta ◽  
Yang-Tse Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Core Model ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Shrinking Core Model ◽  
Stress Distributions ◽  
Active Electrode ◽  
Free Surfaces ◽  
Surface Cracking ◽  
Active Particles ◽  
Shrinking Core ◽  
And Diffusion

Following earlier work of Huggins and Nix [Ionics6, 57 (2000)], several recent theoretical studies have used the shrinking core model to predict intraparticle Li concentration profiles and associated stress fields. A goal of such efforts is to understand and predict particle fracture, which is sometimes observed in degraded electrodes. In this paper we present experimental data on LiCoO2 and graphite active particles, consistent with previously published data, showing the presence of numerous internal pores or cracks in both positive and negative active electrode particles. New calculations presented here show that the presence of free surfaces, from even small internal cracks or pores, both quantitatively and qualitatively alters the internal stress distributions such that particles are prone to internal cracking rather than to the surface cracking that had been predicted previously. Thus, the fracture strength of particles depends largely on the internal microstructure of particles, about which little is known, rather than on the intrinsic mechanical properties of the particle materials. The validity of the shrinking core model for explaining either stress maps or transport is questioned for particles with internal structure, which includes most, if not all, secondary electrode particles.

Electrochemical Studies on Kinetics and Diffusion of Li-Ions in MnO2 Electrodes

2019 ◽  
Vol 166 (12) ◽  
pp. A2629-A2635
Author(s):  
Daulatabad Narsimulu ◽  
Sourav Ghosh ◽  
Madhushri Bhar ◽  
Surendra K. Martha
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
And Diffusion

Viscosity, Conductivity and Density of Fused Silver Chloride Doped with MeCln (Me = Li, K, Cs, Ba) in the Mole Fraction Region 0 ≦xdopant ≦0.1

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 1151-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio G. W. Greening ◽  
Konrad G. Weil
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Coulomb Interaction ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Alkali Halides ◽  
Molar Conductivity ◽  
Electrolytic Conductivity ◽  
Strong Increase

The density, the electrolytic conductivity, and the viscosity of molten silver chloride doped with LiCl, KCl, CsCl, and BaCl2 have been measured in the concentration range 0 ≦x dopant ≦0.1 and temperature range 740 K ≧ Tm ≦900 K. The molar conductivity, Λ, decreases linearly with x dopant , the curve being independent of the charge of the added cation. Only in the case of LiCl is a very small increase of Λ observed. The viscosity of the melt remains virtually unchanged when doped with alkali halides. Addition of BaCl2 leads to a strong increase of the viscosity. The findings show that for these systems no correlation exists between the conductivity and the viscosity. It is further suggested that there is a strong influence of the long range Coulomb interaction on the viscosity of molten salts.

Evaluation of an HDPE geomembrane after 14 years as a leachate lagoon liner

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 536-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Kerry Rowe ◽  
Henri P Sangam ◽  
Craig B Lake
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Species ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Compacted Clay ◽  
Composite Liner ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Liner System ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
And Diffusion

A geomembrane – compacted clay composite liner system used to contain municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate for 14 years is evaluated. Field observations of the geomembrane revealed many defects, including holes, patches, and cracks. Physical, chemical, and mechanical tests conducted on samples collected from five different locations of the liner suggest that samples continuously exposed to sunlight and high temperatures experienced more degradation compared to samples that were covered by leachate or soil. Sorption and diffusion tests revealed that the permeation coefficients of volatile organic compounds were in the range of 4 × 10–12 to 6 × 10–11 m2/s and that, with respect to these parameters, there was no significant difference between samples with different exposure levels. However, the permeation coefficients were between four and five times lower than values obtained for unaged HDPE geomembranes typical of present day production. Contaminant modelling of the entire lagoon liner suggests that the geomembrane liner most likely stopped being effective as a contaminant barrier to ionic species sometime between 0 and 4 years after the installation.Key words: liquid containment, composite liner, diffusion, HDPE geomembrane, performance.

Elastic Deformation and Molecular Weight in Polyisobutylene

1946 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 1047-1050
Author(s):  
John Rehner
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Parallel Plate ◽  
Compressive Load ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Fractional Powers ◽  
Rapid Procedure ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
High Elasticity ◽  
Polymer Dissolution ◽  
Straight Lines

Abstract Although various properties of high polymers are known to depend on molecular weight, there appear to be no published data which show explicitly how the molecular weight of a rubber-like substance influences the modulus of high elasticity, even though a psychological perception of some such relationship has long existed. Also, the various expressions that have been derived by statistical methods contain molecular weight as a factor ranging from an inverse first power up to inverse higher fractional powers. Some time ago a need arose in this laboratory for estimating the average molecular weights of samples of polyisobutylene by a rapid procedure. Because of the slowness of polymer dissolution, methods based on measurements of the polymer in the dissolved state had to be ruled out and an investigation was, therefore, made of the rate of compression of a variety of samples in a Williams parallel-plate plastometer. It was found possible to render negligible the viscous component of deformation by using a sufficiently high compressive load and by limiting readings to an interval of about one minute. When the observed deformation values were plotted against the logarithm of time, straight lines were obtained. The slopes of the lines could be correlated, at least approximately, linearly with the reciprocal average molecular weights of the samples.

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