Electrochemical studies of molten salts. II. Diffusion potentials for the binary systems PbBr2 + CsBr, PbBr2 + RbBr, and PbBr2 + KBr

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1779
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
AJ Easteal
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
Lead Bromide ◽  
Diffusion Potentials ◽  
Salt Systems

Diffusion potentials have been determined, as a function of temperature and composition, for liquid junctions formed in the molten salt systems, PbBr2 + CsBr, PbBr2 + RbBr, and PbBr2 + KBr. The results are interpreted to indicate the existence of complex lead bromide species in these mixtures, particularly the ion PbBr-3.

Thermodynamic properties of the binary molten salt systems, PbBr2-KBr, PbBr2-RbBr and PbBr2-CsBr, by measurement of the electromotive forces of galvanic cells

1981 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
MS White
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Galvanic Cells ◽  
Salt Systems

The electromotive forces of galvanic cells for the formation of PbBr2 in the molten binary salt systems, PbBr2-KBr, PbBr2,-RbBr and PbBr2-CsBr, have been measured. Activities, activity coefficients and partial molar free energies have been calculated for each component of the three systems. Integral free energies of mixing have also been calculated. Various models of mixing of molten salts have been applied to the results. The systems contain complex ions, probably mixtures of PbBr42-, PbBr64- with some PbBr3-.

The Soft Ion Model in Monte Carlo Simulation of Molten Salts

1988 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-132
Author(s):  
C. Margheritis ◽  
C. Sinistri
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Coulomb Energy ◽  
Numerical Application ◽  
Polarization Energy ◽  
Simple Evaluation ◽  
Salt Systems

Abstract This paper describes a method for a simple evaluation of the polarization energy in molten salt systems, by which it is possible to go, without heavy computational cost, from the rigid to the soft ion model. The method is based on the observation that, within the movements of single ions in the Monte Carlo chain, the deviation of the polarization energy is a linear function of the deviation of the Coulomb energy.An extended numerical application has been carried out for molten Lil at 800, 1200 and 1453 (b. p.) K. The parameters that are mostly affected by the used model are put into evidence.

Electrochemical Synthesis of Niobium-Hafnium Coatings in Molten Salts

2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 425-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey A. Kuznetsov ◽  
Svetlana V. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Electrochemical Synthesis ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Limiting Current ◽  
Surface Alloying ◽  
Limiting Current Density ◽  
Salt Systems

Graphite is widely used in technology because of its unique properties. A drawback of graphite is its low heat resistance in oxidizing atmospheres. To increase its heat resistance, Nb-Hf protective coatings were synthesized. Electrodeposition of niobium coatings on graphite with subsequent precise surface alloying of niobium with hafnium was studied. Electrochemical synthesis of Nb-Hf coatings from molten salt systems containing compounds of niobium and hafnium was used too. It was shown that Nb-Hf coatings with a planar growing front can be obtained if the concentration and therefore the limiting current density of the more electropositive component Nb is kept low. Nb-Hf coatings with a thickness of 20 - 30 μm have been obtained in this way from an NaCl-KCl-K2NbF7 (1 wt%)-K2HfF6 (10 wt%)-NaF (5 wt%) melt, above the limiting current density of niobium deposition.

Conductivities of Room Temperature Molten Salts Containing AlCl3, Measured by a Computerized Direct Current Method

2001 ◽  
Vol 56 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 670-676
Author(s):  
Hsin-Yi Hsu ◽  
Chao-Cheng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
Nium Chloride ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Salt Systems

Abstract The conductivities of the binary room-temperature molten salt systems AlCl3-N-n-butylpyridinium chloride (BPC), AlCl3-l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIC) and AlCl3-benzyltriethylammo-nium chloride (BTEAC) have been measured at different temperatures and compositions by a d.c. four-probes method. There is a maximum of the conductivity at 50 mol% AlCl3 in the AlCl3-BPC and AlCl3-EMIC systems at 40 to 80 °C, their activation energies being relatively low (20.79 and 14.76 kJ/mol, respec­ tively). As to the A1C13-BTEAC system, there is an irregular change in the conductivity at 40-70 mol% AlCl3 in the temperature range 50 to 80 °C. The conductivities of the three RTMS are in the order AlCl3-EMIC > AlCl3-BPC > AlCl3-BTEAC, the reason being discussed.

Molten salt mixtures. XI. Integral and partial molar volumes in the molten salt systems PbCl2 + NaCl, PbCl2 + RbCl, PbCl2 + CsCl, CdCl2 + RbCl, and CdCl2 + CsCl

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
PWD Boyd ◽  
JL Laver ◽  
J Wong
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Molar Volume ◽  
Partial Molar Volume ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Partial Molar Volumes ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Molar Volumes ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Salt Mixtures ◽  
Salt Systems

The densities of molten PbCl2, CsCl, and RbCl and of the molten salt systems PbCl2 + NaCl, PbCl2 + RbCl, PbCl2 + CsCl, CdCl2 + RbCl, and CdCl, + CsCl have been measured to an accuracy of �0.1% by an Archimedean method over a considerable temperature range. Integral and partial molar volume isotherms have been constructed for the above binary systems and are interpreted to show that complex ions are formed in all but the PbCl2+NaCl system.

Electrochemical studies of molten salts. III. E.M.F.'s of concentration cells with transference and diffusion potentials for PbCl2+CsCl mixtures

1968 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 2649
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
AJ Easteal
Keyword(s):  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Electrolyte Composition ◽  
Lead Chloride ◽  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
Diffusion Potentials ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Concentration Cells

The e.m.f.'s of concentration cells with transference containing PbC12 + CsCl molten mixtures have been measured as functions of temperature and electrolyte composition. Graphs of cell e.m.f. against temperature are sets of intersecting straight lines, as are graphs of cell e.m.f. against the negative logarithm of the mole fraction of PbCl2. Diffusion potentials for junctions between pure molten PbCl2 and molten PbCl2 + CsCl mixtures have been determined, as functions of temperature and mixture composition. The results are interpreted to indicate the existence of complex lead-chloride ionic species in the mixtures.

Thermodynamic treatment of multicomponent fused salt solutions: common anion reactive systems approximation

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 870-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Flengas
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Reactive Systems ◽  
Thermodynamic Cycle ◽  
Ternary Systems ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Partial Molar Property ◽  
Salt Systems ◽  
Common Anion ◽  
Fused Salt

From a modified F.F.G. (1) thermodynamic cycle, equations have been developed from which the molar and partial molar excess thermodynamic properties of j-component molten salt solutions may be predicted from binary data.The theory is applicable to reactive molten salt systems and particularly to charge asymmetric fused salt solutions with common anions.It is shown that for a system having j + 1 components, such as [Formula: see text], any molar or partial molar property of mixing for MXq, may be calculated from available data on corresponding j-binary systems, such as MXq–AX, MXq–BX, and [Formula: see text].The equations are of the general form,[Formula: see text]The latter is applicable only when the multicomponent and the binary solutions have the same MXq content and same temperature.The theoretical expressions have been found to predict quite well available data on ternary and quarternary systems. New composition parameters for expressing the compositions in quarternary and quinary systems have been established. Key words: molten salt solutions, multicomponent systems, ternary systems, quarternary systems, quinary systems.

Theory of Enthalpy of Mixing in Reactive Charge Asymmetrical Molten Salt Systems. Part II. Ternary Solutions

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 1345-1352
Author(s):  
S. N. Flengas ◽  
J. M. Skeaff
Keyword(s):  
Ternary System ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Enthalpy Of Mixing ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Enthalpies Of Mixing ◽  
Ternary Solutions ◽  
Products Of Reaction ◽  
Molten Salt System ◽  
Salt Systems

The enthalpies of mixing for a reacting charge asymmetrical ternary molten salt system have been calculated on the basis of an extension of a previously developed model for binary systems. The enthalpy of mixing is considered to consist of a reaction term and a mixing term; the former results from the formation of the tetrahedrally coordinated complex species [Formula: see text] and the latter from the mixing of the products of reaction according to quasichemical theory modified to account for charge asymmetry.The ternary model enables the prediction of the integral enthalpies from a knowledge of the interaction parameters determined for the two charge asymmetrical binary systems. The calculations are compared with experimentally measured integral enthalpies of mixing in the ternary system MnCl2–NaCl–CsCl, and shown to give accurate predictions of the behaviour of the system.

scholarly journals Remote Density Measurements of Molten Salts via Neutron Radiography

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Long ◽  
S. Scott Parker ◽  
D. Travis Carver ◽  
J. Matt Jackson ◽  
Marisa J. Monreal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Thermophysical Properties ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Neutron Radiography ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Science Center ◽  
Los Alamos ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Salt Mixtures ◽  
Salt Systems

With an increased interest in the use of molten salts in both nuclear and non-nuclear systems, measuring important thermophysical properties of specific salt mixtures becomes critical in understanding salt performance and behavior. One of the more basic and significant thermophysical properties of a given salt system is density as a function of temperature. With this in mind, this work aims to present and layout a novel approach to measuring densities of molten salt systems using neutron radiography. This work was performed on Flight Path 5 at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center at Los Alamos National Laboratory. In order to benchmark this initial work, three salt mixtures were measured, NaCl, LiCl (58.2 mol%) + KCl (41.8 mol%), and MgCl2 (32 mol%) + KCl (68 mol%). Resulting densities as a function of temperature for each sample from this work were then compared to previous works employing traditional techniques. Results from this work match well with previous literature values for all salt mixtures measured, establishing that neutron radiography is a viable technique to measure density as a function of temperature in molten salt systems. Finally, advantages of using neutron radiography over other methods are discussed and future work in improving this technique is covered.

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