Molten salt mixtures. X. The thermochemistry of the binary molten salt systems CdCl2+PbCl2, CdCl2+NaCl, CdCl2+KCI, PbCl2+NaCl, PbCl2-KCl, and CdI2+KI

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
SB Tricklebank
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Relative Magnitude ◽  
Enthalpy Change ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Heats Of Mixing ◽  
Salt Mixtures ◽  
Solution Calorimeter ◽  
Salt Systems ◽  
The Enthalpy Of Formation

The enthalpy change on cooling molten and solid salts and their mixtures from temperatures as high as 850� down to 26.9� has been measured by means of a Bunsen-type fusion calorimeter. The enthalpy of formation of solid mixtures has also been measured using a water solution calorimeter. From the combined results, heats of mixing have been determined for the molten salt systems investigated. In each system, with the exception of CdCl2 + PbCl2, the process of mixing is exothermic and the relative magnitude of the results can be explained by the formation of complex ions in the systems CdC12 +NaCl, CdCl2 +KCl, PbCl2 +KCl, and CdI2 +KI. Complex ions have not been detected in the other systems.

Molten salt mixtures. XI. Integral and partial molar volumes in the molten salt systems PbCl2 + NaCl, PbCl2 + RbCl, PbCl2 + CsCl, CdCl2 + RbCl, and CdCl2 + CsCl

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
PWD Boyd ◽  
JL Laver ◽  
J Wong
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Molar Volume ◽  
Partial Molar Volume ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Partial Molar Volumes ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Molar Volumes ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Salt Mixtures ◽  
Salt Systems

The densities of molten PbCl2, CsCl, and RbCl and of the molten salt systems PbCl2 + NaCl, PbCl2 + RbCl, PbCl2 + CsCl, CdCl2 + RbCl, and CdCl, + CsCl have been measured to an accuracy of �0.1% by an Archimedean method over a considerable temperature range. Integral and partial molar volume isotherms have been constructed for the above binary systems and are interpreted to show that complex ions are formed in all but the PbCl2+NaCl system.

Thermodynamic properties of the binary molten salt systems, PbBr2-KBr, PbBr2-RbBr and PbBr2-CsBr, by measurement of the electromotive forces of galvanic cells

1981 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
MS White
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Galvanic Cells ◽  
Salt Systems

The electromotive forces of galvanic cells for the formation of PbBr2 in the molten binary salt systems, PbBr2-KBr, PbBr2,-RbBr and PbBr2-CsBr, have been measured. Activities, activity coefficients and partial molar free energies have been calculated for each component of the three systems. Integral free energies of mixing have also been calculated. Various models of mixing of molten salts have been applied to the results. The systems contain complex ions, probably mixtures of PbBr42-, PbBr64- with some PbBr3-.

Densities and molar volumes for the molten salt systems ZnBr2 + KBr, CdI2 + NaI and CdI2 + CsI

1974 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1401
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
MR Bendall ◽  
PDW Boyd ◽  
JL Laver
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Excess Molar Volumes ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Molar Volumes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Salt Systems

Densities of binary mixtures of ZnBr2 + KBr, CdI2 + NaI and CdI2 + CsI, have been measured by an Archimedian method over a wide range of temperature. Results have been expressed in terms of simple linear equations in temperature. Molar volumes for the systems have excess values in the ZnBr2 + KBr and CdI2 + CsI systems but not to such an extent in the CdI2+NaI system. The excess molar volumes are related to the possible formation of complex ions in the systems concerned.

The electrical conductance of the molten salt systems PbCl2 + NaCl, PbCl2 + RbCl, and PbCl2 + CsCl

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1523 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
CJ Macky
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Transport Theory ◽  
Electrical Conductance ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Salt Systems

The specific conductances of molten mixtures of PbC12+MCl (M = Na, Rb, Cs) have been measured as functions of composition and temperatures from 800�C (or in some cases 850�C) to within a few degrees of the liquidus. The system PbCl2+CsCl exhibits a pronounced maximum of activation energy for conductance at 0.67 mole fraction CsCl. Equivalent conductances of the systems have been calculated and have been plotted against atomic ratio of Pb/Cl. An attempt has been made to explain the conductance results on the basis of the transport theory of Adam and Gibbs. The results are best explained by the presence in the PbCl2+RbCl and PbCl2+CsCl systems of complex ions of formula PbCl42-.

Molten salt mixtures. VIII. The refractive index of molten salt mixtures and their molar refractivities

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 777 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
BM Peryer
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Density Data ◽  
Molar Refractivity ◽  
Salt Mixtures

The refractive index of molten NaCl, KCl, CdCl2, and PbCl2 and of the molten systems NaCl + CdCl2, NaCl + PbCl2, KCl + CdCl2, and KCl + PbCl2 has been measured over a range of temperature. From these results and published density data, molar refractivities have been calculated. The deviation of molar refractivity from the values calculated on the basis of additivity gives further evidence for the formation of complex ions in the KCl + CdCl2 and KCl + PbCl2 systems. In the NaCl + CdCl2 and NaCl + PbCl2 systems there is simple mixing without interaction.

scholarly journals Remote Density Measurements of Molten Salts via Neutron Radiography

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Long ◽  
S. Scott Parker ◽  
D. Travis Carver ◽  
J. Matt Jackson ◽  
Marisa J. Monreal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Thermophysical Properties ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Neutron Radiography ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Science Center ◽  
Los Alamos ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Salt Mixtures ◽  
Salt Systems

With an increased interest in the use of molten salts in both nuclear and non-nuclear systems, measuring important thermophysical properties of specific salt mixtures becomes critical in understanding salt performance and behavior. One of the more basic and significant thermophysical properties of a given salt system is density as a function of temperature. With this in mind, this work aims to present and layout a novel approach to measuring densities of molten salt systems using neutron radiography. This work was performed on Flight Path 5 at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center at Los Alamos National Laboratory. In order to benchmark this initial work, three salt mixtures were measured, NaCl, LiCl (58.2 mol%) + KCl (41.8 mol%), and MgCl2 (32 mol%) + KCl (68 mol%). Resulting densities as a function of temperature for each sample from this work were then compared to previous works employing traditional techniques. Results from this work match well with previous literature values for all salt mixtures measured, establishing that neutron radiography is a viable technique to measure density as a function of temperature in molten salt systems. Finally, advantages of using neutron radiography over other methods are discussed and future work in improving this technique is covered.

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