The electrical conductance of the molten salt systems PbCl2 + NaCl, PbCl2 + RbCl, and PbCl2 + CsCl

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1523 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
CJ Macky
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Transport Theory ◽  
Electrical Conductance ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Salt Systems

The specific conductances of molten mixtures of PbC12+MCl (M = Na, Rb, Cs) have been measured as functions of composition and temperatures from 800�C (or in some cases 850�C) to within a few degrees of the liquidus. The system PbCl2+CsCl exhibits a pronounced maximum of activation energy for conductance at 0.67 mole fraction CsCl. Equivalent conductances of the systems have been calculated and have been plotted against atomic ratio of Pb/Cl. An attempt has been made to explain the conductance results on the basis of the transport theory of Adam and Gibbs. The results are best explained by the presence in the PbCl2+RbCl and PbCl2+CsCl systems of complex ions of formula PbCl42-.

Thermodynamic properties of the binary molten salt systems, PbBr2-KBr, PbBr2-RbBr and PbBr2-CsBr, by measurement of the electromotive forces of galvanic cells

1981 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
MS White
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Galvanic Cells ◽  
Salt Systems

The electromotive forces of galvanic cells for the formation of PbBr2 in the molten binary salt systems, PbBr2-KBr, PbBr2,-RbBr and PbBr2-CsBr, have been measured. Activities, activity coefficients and partial molar free energies have been calculated for each component of the three systems. Integral free energies of mixing have also been calculated. Various models of mixing of molten salts have been applied to the results. The systems contain complex ions, probably mixtures of PbBr42-, PbBr64- with some PbBr3-.

Molten salt mixtures. XI. Integral and partial molar volumes in the molten salt systems PbCl2 + NaCl, PbCl2 + RbCl, PbCl2 + CsCl, CdCl2 + RbCl, and CdCl2 + CsCl

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
PWD Boyd ◽  
JL Laver ◽  
J Wong
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Molar Volume ◽  
Partial Molar Volume ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Partial Molar Volumes ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Molar Volumes ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Salt Mixtures ◽  
Salt Systems

The densities of molten PbCl2, CsCl, and RbCl and of the molten salt systems PbCl2 + NaCl, PbCl2 + RbCl, PbCl2 + CsCl, CdCl2 + RbCl, and CdCl, + CsCl have been measured to an accuracy of �0.1% by an Archimedean method over a considerable temperature range. Integral and partial molar volume isotherms have been constructed for the above binary systems and are interpreted to show that complex ions are formed in all but the PbCl2+NaCl system.

Molten salt mixtures. X. The thermochemistry of the binary molten salt systems CdCl2+PbCl2, CdCl2+NaCl, CdCl2+KCI, PbCl2+NaCl, PbCl2-KCl, and CdI2+KI

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
SB Tricklebank
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Relative Magnitude ◽  
Enthalpy Change ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Heats Of Mixing ◽  
Salt Mixtures ◽  
Solution Calorimeter ◽  
Salt Systems ◽  
The Enthalpy Of Formation

The enthalpy change on cooling molten and solid salts and their mixtures from temperatures as high as 850� down to 26.9� has been measured by means of a Bunsen-type fusion calorimeter. The enthalpy of formation of solid mixtures has also been measured using a water solution calorimeter. From the combined results, heats of mixing have been determined for the molten salt systems investigated. In each system, with the exception of CdCl2 + PbCl2, the process of mixing is exothermic and the relative magnitude of the results can be explained by the formation of complex ions in the systems CdC12 +NaCl, CdCl2 +KCl, PbCl2 +KCl, and CdI2 +KI. Complex ions have not been detected in the other systems.

Densities and molar volumes for the molten salt systems ZnBr2 + KBr, CdI2 + NaI and CdI2 + CsI

1974 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1401
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
MR Bendall ◽  
PDW Boyd ◽  
JL Laver
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Excess Molar Volumes ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Molar Volumes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Salt Systems

Densities of binary mixtures of ZnBr2 + KBr, CdI2 + NaI and CdI2 + CsI, have been measured by an Archimedian method over a wide range of temperature. Results have been expressed in terms of simple linear equations in temperature. Molar volumes for the systems have excess values in the ZnBr2 + KBr and CdI2 + CsI systems but not to such an extent in the CdI2+NaI system. The excess molar volumes are related to the possible formation of complex ions in the systems concerned.

Volumetrie Anomalies in the Molten Salt Systems KI-TlI and TlCl-TlBr

1974 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1846-1848 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Buckle ◽  
P. E. Tsaoussoglou
Keyword(s):  
Ligand Binding ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Excess Volume ◽  
Electrical Conductance ◽  
Molar Volumes ◽  
Salt Systems

The densities of molten KI and TlI measured pyknometrically at various temperatures are slightly higher (0.1-0.2%) than the Archimedian values previously found by other workers. Molar volumes in the molten systems KI-TlI and TlCl-TlBr have also been measured pyknometrically. In the first system the relative excess volume is negative and in the second positive but as usual the melts expand on heating. The maximum deviations are about 2.5% and 1.5% respectively. In KI-TlI the excess volume-composition isotherm shows a double minimum at low temperatures, resembling the shape of the electrical conductance isotherms. The attribution of volumetric contractions to the relaxation of the thallium-ligand binding is supported by these results and by nmr evidence.

scholarly journals Electrical Conductance of Molten Salt Systems: Ag2O-B2O3and Ag2O-Na2O-B2O3

1969 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Kodama ◽  
Yoshihiro Kimura ◽  
Toshio Yokokawa ◽  
Kichizo Niwa
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Electrical Conductance ◽  
Salt Systems

Electrochemical studies of molten salt mixtures. I. The electromotive forces of concentration cells with transference containing the molten electrolytesystems PbBr2 + CsBr, PbBr2 + RbBr, and PbBr2 + KBr

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
AJ Easteal
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Electrolyte Composition ◽  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
Liquid Junction ◽  
Salt Mixtures ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
Salt Systems ◽  
Concentration Cells

The e.m.f.'s of concentration cells with transference (i.e. with liquid junction), containing the binary molten salt systems, PbBr2+CsBr, PbBr2+RbBr, and PbBr2+KBr, have been measured as functions of temperature and electrolyte composition. The cell e.m.f.'s have been found to vary with temperature and electrolyte composition in a discontinuous manner: graphs of cell e.m.f. against temperature are in general a number of intersecting straight lines, as are graphs of cell e.m.f. against the negative logarithm of the mole fraction of one component.

Deposition and Crystallisation Behaviour of Amorphous Silicon Thin Films Obtained by Pyrolysis of Disilane Gas at Very Low Pressure

1994 ◽  
Vol 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kretz ◽  
D. Pribat ◽  
P. Legagneux ◽  
F. Plais ◽  
O. Huet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amorphous Silicon ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Electrical Conductance ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Crystalline Fraction ◽  
Silicon Thin Films ◽  
Crystallisation Behaviour

AbstractHigh purity amorphous silicon layers were obtained by ultrahigh vacuum (millitorr range) chemical vapor deposition (UHVCVD) from disilane gas. The crystalline fraction of the films was monitored by in situ electrical conductance measurements performed during isothermal annealings. The experimental conductance curves were fitted with an analytical expression, from which the characteristic crystallisation time, tc, was extracted. Using the activation energy for the growth rate extracted from our previous work, we were able to determine the activation energy for the nucleation rate for the analysed-films. For the films including small crystallites we have obtained En ∼ 2.8 eV, compared to En ∼ 3.7 eV for the completely amorphous ones.

scholarly journals Developing Practical Models of Complex Salts for Molten Salt Reactors

Thermo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-178
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Besmann ◽  
Juliano Schorne-Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
System Modeling ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Calphad Approach ◽  
Coordination Numbers ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
Complex Salts ◽  
Salt Systems ◽  
Fitting Model

Molten salt reactors (MSRs) utilize salts as coolant or as the fuel and coolant together with fissile isotopes dissolved in the salt. It is necessary to therefore understand the behavior of the salts to effectively design, operate, and regulate such reactors, and thus there is a need for thermodynamic models for the salt systems. Molten salts, however, are difficult to represent as they exhibit short-range order that is dependent on both composition and temperature. A widely useful approach is the modified quasichemical model in the quadruplet approximation that provides for consideration of first- and second-nearest-neighbor coordination and interactions. Its use in the CALPHAD approach to system modeling requires fitting parameters using standard thermodynamic data such as phase equilibria, heat capacity, and others. A shortcoming of the model is its inability to directly vary coordination numbers with composition or temperature. Another issue is the difficulty in fitting model parameters using regression methods without already having very good initial values. The proposed paper will discuss these issues and note some practical methods for the effective generation of useful models.

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