Changes within the digestive tract of sheep following engorgement with barley

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
SI Godfrey ◽  
MD Boyce ◽  
JB Rowe ◽  
EJ Speijers
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Lactate Accumulation ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Gradual Introduction ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

The effect of feeding 1.4 kg of barley on the amount and composition of digesta in the rumen, small intestine, caecum, and colon was measured in sheep given either a gradual introduction to barley (over 8 days), no introduction, Yea Sacc (4 g/day for 9 days), virginiamycin (30 mg/day for 4 days) or rumen inoculum (600 mL/day for 4 days). The rumen pH was higher ( P < 0.05) and the number of sheep with high (> 5 mmol/L) levels of L-lactate and D-lactate significantly lower (P < 0.05) in sheep receiving no introduction compared to sheep receiving the gradual introduction to barley. Conversely the pH was lower (P < 0.05) and the molar proportion of L-lactate higher ( P < 0.001) in the caecum of the sheep receiving no introduction compared to sheep receiving the gradual introduction to barley. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the incidence of ruminitis between treatment groups. Both virginiamycin and the transfer of rumen fluid from well adapted animals appeared to be as effective as the gradual introduction of barley in controlling L-lactate accumulation in the caecum and colon and maintaining the pH within these organs. The probiotic Yea Sacc did not appear to cause any changes in the pattern of fermentation and digestion when compared to the untreated control animals.

scholarly journals Nitrogen digestion and metabolism in sheep consuming diets containing contrasting forms and levels of N

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Siddons ◽  
J. V. Nolan ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
J. C. Macrae
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
Total N ◽  
Apparent Absorption ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Rate Of Absorption

1. Nitrogen kinetics were studied in six sheep (45–55 kg live weight) consuming either a high-N grass silage or a low-N dried grass made from swards of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The diets were fed hourly at a level of 600 g dry matter/d and supplied 19.5 and 11.0 g N/d respectively.2. The amounts of organic matter (OM) consumed and flowing at the duodenum and ileum and excreted in the faeces were similar (P < 0.05) with both diets. Each diet supplied 23 g digestible OM/d per kg live eight0.75, which was sufficient to maintain body-weight.3. There were no differences (P < 0.05) between diets in rumen fluid volume, fractional outflow rate of fluid from the rumen, total concentration of volatile fatty acids or molar proportion of acetate in the rumen. The pH and molar proportion of propionate in rumen fluid were higher (P < 0.01), and molar proportion of butyrate lower (P < 0.001) when the silage was given.4. There was a net loss of N (4.0 g/d) between mouth and duodenum when the silage was consumed but a net gain (5.5 g/d) when the dried grass was consumed. As a result, total non-ammonia-N (NAN) flow at the duodenum did not differ (P / 0.05) between diets. Rumen microbial NAN flow at the duodenum, based on 15N as the marker, also did not differ (P < 0.05) between diets but the efficiency of microbial N synthesis in the rumen (g/kg OM apparently digested) was higher (P < 0.05) with the dried grass.5. When the sheep were consuming silage they had a higher concentration of ammonia in rumen fluid (P < 0.01), a higher rate of irreversible loss of ammonia from the rumen (P < 0.05) and a higher rate of absorption of ammonia across the rumen wall (P < 0.01). The rate of absorption was found to be more closely related to the unionized ammonia concentration in rumen fluid (r2 0.85) than to the total ammonia concentration (r2 0.36).6. Endogenous N entry into the forestomachs was calculated to be 5.5 g/d when the silage was given and 9.4 g/d when the dried grass was given, of which 1.7 and 3.5 g/d respectively were in the form of urea. Thus, approximately 4–6 g N/d were derived from non-urea materials.7. Within the small intestine the apparent absorption coefficient of rumen microbial NAN (0.72) did not differ (P < 0.05) between diets but the apparent absorption coefficient of total NAN was lower (P < 0.05) when the I silage was given, owing to a lower (P < 0.01) absorption coefficient of the non-microbial NAN fraction (undegraded feed and endogenous).8. Within the large intestine, diet had no effect (P < 0 05) on the apparent absorption coefficients of total N (0.22) and rumen microbial NAN (0.63).9. Plasma urea concentration, the rate of urea synthesis in the body and urinary urea excretion were higher (P < 0.001) when the silage was consumed. However, the transfer of urea to the whole digestive tract and to the post-ruminal part of the tract did not differ (P < 0.05) between diets; urea transfer to the rumen was higher (P < 0.01) when the dried grass was given.10. The results were used to construct a whole-animal model of N flows between the digestive tract and the tissues.

Rumen microbial adaptation to long-term feeding of virginiamycin in sheep fed barley and virginiamycin as a supplement

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
SI Godfrey ◽  
TG Nagaraja ◽  
SW Winslow ◽  
JB Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Normal Pattern ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Microbial Adaptation ◽  
Rumen Ph

Profiles of rumen fermentation were examined in sheep supplemented with barley or barley plus virginiamycin for 7 weeks and challenged with 1.7 kg of barley with or without virginiamycin. Twenty-five sheep were housed in individual pens and fed chaff, up to a maximum of 1.4 kg/day. Sheep were allocated to one of three treatments: no grain supplement (n = 5), barley grain 700 g twice weekly (n = 10) or barley with virginiamycin (40 g/t grain; n = 10). After 7 weeks, five animals in each treatment group fed grain received 1.7 kg of barley and five received 1.7 kg of barley plus virginiamycin (40 g/t). Sheep supplemented with barley alone maintained a normal pattern of rumen fermentation in response to 1.7 kg of barley indicating adaptation of rumen microbes to grain feeding. In animals supplemented with barley on its own and then fed barley plus virginiamycin there were higher concentrations of L-lactic acid (P < 0.001) and ammonia (P < 0.01) and a lower rumen pH (P < 0.01) than sheep in other treatments at 9, 12 and 24 h following grain feeding. The number of protozoa was decreased (P < 0.001) 24 h following feeding in sheep supplemented with barley and challenged with barley plus virginiamycin compared to pre-feeding (0 h) counts, but not in other treatment groups. Incubations of rumen fluid with glucose from sheep supplemented with barley and barley plus virginiamycin indicated virginiamycin was still effective in reducing L-lactate production following 9 weeks of supplement feeding. The results indicate virginiamycin may disrupt rumen function in sheep already adapted to grain that has not been treated with virginiamycin.

scholarly journals The effects of intraruminal infusions of urea, casein, glucose syrup and a mixture of casein and glucose syrup on nitrogen digestion in the rumen of cattle receiving grass-silage diets

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
N. H. Lee ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Glucose Syrup ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Microbial N

1. In an incomplete 5 x 5 Latin square experiment, four cattle were given grass silage in two meals per d to satisfy 1.15 maintenance energy requirements. In addition, water or casein (21 g nitrogen and 0.17 kg organic matter (OM)/d) or urea (U; 28 g N/d) or a glucose syrup (G; 0.87 kg OM/d) or casein and glucose syrup (CG; 17 g N and 0.93 kg OM/d) were infused intraruminally at a constant rate.2. A 24 h collection of duodenal digesta was made using chromic oxide for flow estimation and 35S as a marker of microbial N entering the small intestine. Samples of rumen fluid were also taken for estimation of rumen pH, and concentrations of ammonia-N and volatile fatty acids.3. The intraruminal infusions had no significant effects on rumen pH, concentrations of volatile fatty acids or their molar proportions. Infusion of either C or U significantly (P < 0.05) increased rumen NH3-N concentrations whereas infusions of either G or CG lowered rumen NH3-N concentrations.4. Infusions of C or U had no significant effect on the quantities of OM, acid-detergent fibre (ADF) or N constituents which entered the small intestine.5. Infusions of G or CG increased the quantities of OM (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01), ADF (CG P < 0.05), non-NH3-N (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01), amino acid N (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01) and microbial N (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01) which entered the small intestine.6. The efficiency of rumen microbial N synthesis was unchanged by the infusion of C, U or G (P > 0.05) but increased significantly (P < 0.05) when CG were infused.

scholarly journals The effect of different physical forms of starter feed on rumen fermentation indicators and weight gain in calves after weaning

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leoš Pavlata ◽  
Ondřej Šťastník ◽  
Štěpánka Křivová ◽  
Hana Dočkalová ◽  
Lenka Sedláková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Rumen Ph

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of different physical forms of starter feed on rumen fermentation indicators of calves after weaning and their weight gain. The experiment was performed with Czech Fleckvieh calves after weaning. The calves were fed ad libitum completely pelleted starter feed or texturized starter feed with chopped straw. The rumen fluid samples were collected after a month of feeding the starter feeds. The calves were weighed monthly. The pH, total acidity, total volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate, butyrate, lactic acid, ammonia and the number of rumen ciliate protozoa were determined in the rumen fluid samples. The calves receiving the starter feed with straw showed significantly higher rumen pH (6.24 ± 0.51 vs. 5.58 ± 0.30), total volatile fatty acids (98.02 ± 20.46 vs. 61.40 ± 26.51 mmol/l), molar proportion of acetate (61.20 ± 4.87 vs. 50.53 ± 4.66%), and the acetate:propionate ratio (2.38 ± 0.53 vs. 1.34 ± 0.18) and lower molar proportion of propionate (26.55 ± 4.48 vs. 37.92 ± 3.58%) compared with the calves receiving pelleted starter feed. Average daily gain of the calves did not differ significantly. The feeding of starter feed with chopped straw compared with the pelleted starter feed led to better development of the rumen fermentation evaluated by rumen pH, by total volatile fatty acids production, and by the proportion and ratio of acetic and propionic acids. The feeding of starter feed with chopped straw reduced the occurrence of subacute ruminal acidosis in the weaned calves.

Responses in ciliated protozoa and rumen fermentation in sheep supplemented with barley plus virginiamycin

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
TG Nagaraja ◽  
SI Godfrey ◽  
SW Winslow ◽  
JB Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Ciliated Protozoa ◽  
Lactate Accumulation ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

An experiment was conducted to determine the changes in the population of ciliate protozoa and the pattern of rumen fermentation in sheep fed a supplement of barley grain on its own or containing virginiamycin. There were three treatment groups with a total of 25 sheep housed in individual pens. All animals were fed chaffed wheaten hay to a maximum of 1.4 kg head-1 day-1. One group received no grain supplement (n = 5), one barley grain (n = 10) and the third barley plus virginiamycin (40 g/t grain; n = 10). The amount of grain was gradually increased over a period of 5 days to a maximum of 700 g of barley or barley plus virginiamycin on day 5. Grain (700 g/head) was then fed twice weekly for a further 18 days. Samples of rumen fluid were taken on days 1, 2, 3, 5*, 6, 9*, 12*, 23* and 24 (* signifies days when 700 g barley was fed). In sheep supplemented with barley the population density of ciliate protozoa was increased (P < 0.01) from day 3 of the 5 day introduction to grain (approximately 170x104 protozoa/mL at day 5), but the increase was not sustained when grain was fed at intervals of 3 or 4 days. In sheep supplemented with barley plus virginiamycin, the population density of ciliate protozoa was increased significantly (P < 0.01) only at days 5 and 6 of the experiment (approximately 100x l04 protozoa/mL at day 5). Sheep supplemented with barley plus virginiamycin at day 5 had a higher concentration of L-lactate (P < 0.05) at 6 and 12 h and propionate (P < 0.05) at 6, 9, 12 and 24 h than sheep supplemented with barley alone. It was concluded that virginiamycin was inhibitory to protozoa during the introduction to grain, and L-lactate accumulation in the rumen of sheep supplemented with barley plus virginiamycin may be a result of altered fermentation associated with reduced numbers of protozoa.

Anatomi Saluran Pencernaan biawak air (Varanus salvator) (Reptil: Varanidae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahfud Mahfud ◽  
Ihwan
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Animal Population ◽  
Varanus Salvator ◽  
Commercial Purpose ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Biology Laboratory

Excessive hunting and poaching for commercial purpose of Varanus salvator in Indonesia can cause a decline in this animal population. However, the scientific information of this animal especially about the biologic of organ system is rarely reported. Therefore, this case opens up opportunities for researching, which aims to study the anatomy of digestive tract of water monitor macroscopically. This research has been conducted in Biology Laboratory, University of Muhammadiyah Kupang for 5 months from March to August 2016. The digestive organ of this animal that has been preserved in alcohol 70% was obtained before from two males of water monitors. Preservation process: the animal were anesthetized, exsanguinated, and fixated in 4 paraformaldehyde by tissue perfusion method. Observations were performed to the visceral site and morphometrical of digestive tract. The resulted data was analysed descriptively and presented in tables and figures. The digestive tract of water monitor consist of esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and cloaca. The dimension of each organ is different based on its structures and functions. The esophagus of water monitor connects the mouth cavity and the stomach and also as the entrance of food to the stomach. Water monitor stomach were found in cranial part of abdomen, in left side of liver. The small intestine was longer than stomach and it is a winding muscular tube in abdomen in posterior side of liver. The large intestine consist of colon and cloaca, while cecum was not found. This channel was extend lateromedially in abdomen to cloaca between left and right kidneys. The cloaca was the end of digestive tract which excreted feces and urine. From this research, we can conclude that the digestive tract of water monitor consists of esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It’s difficult to differentiate small intestine and large intestine because there are no cecum.

Relationship between the gas production profiles of mixtures of hay and maize and the patterns of rumen fermentation observed in sheep fed those mixtures

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 63-63
Author(s):  
C. Rymer ◽  
D.I. Givens
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
The Mean

The gas production (GP) technique has been developed to assess dynamics of ruminant digestion. Relationships have been observed between a feed's GP profile and in vivo parameters such as digestibility (Khazaal et al., 1993), feed intake and growth rate (Blümmel and Ørskov, 1993), and in situ degradability (Sileshi et al., 1997). However, there are few studies which relate GP data to the in vivo pattern of rumen fermentation (in terms of the rate of pH decline 2 h post-feeding and the mean rumen pH, concentration of total VFA and molar proportion of individual VFA). The object of this experiment was to determine whether such a relationship existed between a feed's GP profile and the pattern of rumen fermentation observed in animals fed that feed.

scholarly journals The effect of drying and ensiling grass on its digestion in sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Beever ◽  
D. J. Thomson ◽  
E. Pfeffer ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Proximal Duodenum ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

1. The effect of drying and ensiling ryegrass on the site of digestion of the energy andcarbohydrate fractions was studied in sheep fitted with rumen cannulas and re-entrant can-nulas in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum.2. The sheep were given fresh (frozen) grass, dried grass, wilted and unwilted silage pre-pared from herbage harvested from the same sward. The grass diets were offered twice dailyto each animal and paper impregnated with chromium sesquioxide was administered twicedaily into the rumen. Twenty-four hour collections of duodenal and ileal digesta, adjusted togive 100 yo recovery of Cr2O3, were analysed to determine the extent of digestion in the fore-stomachs, the small intestine and the caecum and colon.3. Total digestibility of the gross energy was similar for the fresh grass, dried grass andwilted silage diets (67·4,68·1 and67·5 %)but higher for the unwilted silage (72·0 %, P < 0·01).There was an increased flow of energy into the small intestine when the sheep were given driedgrass and unwilted silage. The proportion of the apparently digested energy lost within thesmall intestine was greater when the dried grass was given (302 yo) than when the fresh grasswas given (23·6 yo).4. Drying or ensiling of wilted material affected digestion neither in the entire alimentarytract nor in the different sections of the tract, of some carbohydrate fractions. About 97 yo ofthe digested water-soluble carbohydrate, over 90 yo of the digested cellulose and over 70 yo ofthe digested hemicellulose were digested before reaching the small intestine. The increasedamount of energy entering the duodenum of the sheep given the dried grass was notaccounted for by changes in the fate of these carbohydrate fractions in the digestive tract. Withunwilted silage, digestibilities of the cellulose and hemicellulose fractions were higher, andlower proportions of the digested carbohydrates were lost before the small intestine.

scholarly journals Morphological Features Of The Immune Structures Of The Thin Intestine Of Laboratory Animals With Various Characters Of Nutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (09) ◽  
pp. 72-74
Author(s):  
Khusanov Erkin ◽  
Ortikbaeva Nilufar ◽  
Korzhavov Sherali
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Chemical Processing ◽  
Digestive Tube

The nutritional nature of mammals, which has developed during a long evolution, leads to adaptive - morphological changes in their digestive tract and its immune structures, although the general laws of their structural organization are identical. The literature has data on the study of the immune structures of the small intestine under normal conditions and under the influence of certain factors. In the structure of immune structures there are numerous parallelisms, however, in each class of vertebrates, complication of this organization is achieved independently. The small intestine is an important section of the digestive tube, where the final chemical processing of the chyme and the absorption of nutrients into the body take place. However, the comparative morphology of the immune structures of the small intestine in mammals with different nutrition patterns remains poorly understood.

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