Rumen microbial adaptation to long-term feeding of virginiamycin in sheep fed barley and virginiamycin as a supplement

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
SI Godfrey ◽  
TG Nagaraja ◽  
SW Winslow ◽  
JB Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Normal Pattern ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Microbial Adaptation ◽  
Rumen Ph

Profiles of rumen fermentation were examined in sheep supplemented with barley or barley plus virginiamycin for 7 weeks and challenged with 1.7 kg of barley with or without virginiamycin. Twenty-five sheep were housed in individual pens and fed chaff, up to a maximum of 1.4 kg/day. Sheep were allocated to one of three treatments: no grain supplement (n = 5), barley grain 700 g twice weekly (n = 10) or barley with virginiamycin (40 g/t grain; n = 10). After 7 weeks, five animals in each treatment group fed grain received 1.7 kg of barley and five received 1.7 kg of barley plus virginiamycin (40 g/t). Sheep supplemented with barley alone maintained a normal pattern of rumen fermentation in response to 1.7 kg of barley indicating adaptation of rumen microbes to grain feeding. In animals supplemented with barley on its own and then fed barley plus virginiamycin there were higher concentrations of L-lactic acid (P < 0.001) and ammonia (P < 0.01) and a lower rumen pH (P < 0.01) than sheep in other treatments at 9, 12 and 24 h following grain feeding. The number of protozoa was decreased (P < 0.001) 24 h following feeding in sheep supplemented with barley and challenged with barley plus virginiamycin compared to pre-feeding (0 h) counts, but not in other treatment groups. Incubations of rumen fluid with glucose from sheep supplemented with barley and barley plus virginiamycin indicated virginiamycin was still effective in reducing L-lactate production following 9 weeks of supplement feeding. The results indicate virginiamycin may disrupt rumen function in sheep already adapted to grain that has not been treated with virginiamycin.

scholarly journals Providing calves different feed source early in life would not affect feed sorting and rumen fermentation for a long term

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianxin Xiao ◽  
Muhammad Zahoor Khan ◽  
Gibson Maswayi Alugongo ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yajing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particle ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Fine Particle Fraction ◽  
Particle Fraction ◽  
Calf Health ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Short Period

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the short and long-term effect of early in life exposure to different feed sources on feed sorting and rumen fermentation of calves. Forty newborn female Holstein calves were randomly divided based on supplementation of concentrate (CON) or hay (HAY) only during the milk-feeding stage (d 1 to 56). After that, all calves were offered a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 43% of forage and 57% of concentrate until the end of the experiment (d 57 to 196). Calves were weighed immediately after birth and raised in individual hutches until d 70. The calves were then transferred to a heifer barn, housed within treatment in pairs (2 calves/pen). Rectal temperature, feed intake, body weight, body structural measurement, fecal and cough score were recorded ranges from day 1 to 196. Fresh and orts feed were sampled daily at the first two weeks (d 57-70) once TMR was offered and at the last week of the experiment (d 190 to 196) for analysis of feed sorting. Rumen fluid samples were collected at ranges from d 14-190 for detecting rumen pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations. Our findings showed that early feed exposure did not influence calf health and growth performance but affected feed sorting in a short period. Upon transition to the same mixed diet, differences were found between treatments in the sorting of the different particle fractions. At week 9 and 10, calves early exposed to concentrates began to sort for fine particle fraction (primarily concentrate in this fraction), and against the long particle fraction (solely forage in this fraction), whereas calves early fed hay sorted for the long particle fraction, and against the fine particle fraction. However, no carryover effect was found, the differences between treatments fade away when detecting feed sorting at the last week, all calves sorted for short and fine particle fractions, and sort against long and medium particle fractions. Although the pattern of feed sorting initially differed between treatments, the rumen pH and VFA concentration were not altered once all calves transitioned to a TMR. These results suggested that the feed familiarity established early in life would not affect diet selection and rumen fermentation in heifer later in life, the dietary experience after transition to same TMR would eventually override the effect of early feed experience.

scholarly journals Providing calves different feed source early in life would not affect feed sorting and rumen fermentation for a long term

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianxin Xiao ◽  
Muhammad Zahoor Khan ◽  
Gibson Maswayi Alugongo ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yajing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particle ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Fine Particle Fraction ◽  
Particle Fraction ◽  
Calf Health ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Short Period

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the short and long-term effect of early in life exposure to different feed sources on feed sorting and rumen fermentation of calves. Forty newborn female Holstein calves were randomly divided based on supplementation of concentrate (CON) or hay (HAY) only during the milk-feeding stage (d 1 to 56). After that, all calves were offered a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 43 % of forage and 57 % of concentrate until the end of the experiment (d 57 to 196). Rectal temperature, feed intake, body weight, body structural measurement, fecal and cough score were recorded ranges from day 1 to 196. Fresh and orts feed were sampled daily at the first two weeks (d 57-70) once TMR was offered and at the last week of the experiment (d 190 to 196) for analysis of feed sorting. Rumen fluid samples were collected at ranges from d 14-190 for detecting rumen pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations. Our findings showed that early feed exposure did not influence calf health and growth performance but affected feed sorting in a short period. Upon transition to the same mixed diet, differences were found between treatments in the sorting of the different particle fractions. At week 9 and 10, calves early exposed to concentrates began to sort for fine particle fraction, and against the long particle fraction, whereas calves early fed hay sorted for the long particle fraction, and against the fine particle fraction. However, no carryover effect was found, the differences between treatments fade away when detecting feed sorting at the last week, all calves sorted for short and fine particle fractions, and sort against long and medium particle fractions. Although the pattern of feed sorting initially differed between treatments, the rumen pH and VFA concentration were not altered once all calves transitioned to a TMR. These results suggested that the feed familiarity established early in life would not affect diet selection and rumen fermentation in heifer later in life, the dietary experience after transition to same TMR would eventually override the effect of early feed experience.

Responses in ciliated protozoa and rumen fermentation in sheep supplemented with barley plus virginiamycin

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
TG Nagaraja ◽  
SI Godfrey ◽  
SW Winslow ◽  
JB Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Ciliated Protozoa ◽  
Lactate Accumulation ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

An experiment was conducted to determine the changes in the population of ciliate protozoa and the pattern of rumen fermentation in sheep fed a supplement of barley grain on its own or containing virginiamycin. There were three treatment groups with a total of 25 sheep housed in individual pens. All animals were fed chaffed wheaten hay to a maximum of 1.4 kg head-1 day-1. One group received no grain supplement (n = 5), one barley grain (n = 10) and the third barley plus virginiamycin (40 g/t grain; n = 10). The amount of grain was gradually increased over a period of 5 days to a maximum of 700 g of barley or barley plus virginiamycin on day 5. Grain (700 g/head) was then fed twice weekly for a further 18 days. Samples of rumen fluid were taken on days 1, 2, 3, 5*, 6, 9*, 12*, 23* and 24 (* signifies days when 700 g barley was fed). In sheep supplemented with barley the population density of ciliate protozoa was increased (P < 0.01) from day 3 of the 5 day introduction to grain (approximately 170x104 protozoa/mL at day 5), but the increase was not sustained when grain was fed at intervals of 3 or 4 days. In sheep supplemented with barley plus virginiamycin, the population density of ciliate protozoa was increased significantly (P < 0.01) only at days 5 and 6 of the experiment (approximately 100x l04 protozoa/mL at day 5). Sheep supplemented with barley plus virginiamycin at day 5 had a higher concentration of L-lactate (P < 0.05) at 6 and 12 h and propionate (P < 0.05) at 6, 9, 12 and 24 h than sheep supplemented with barley alone. It was concluded that virginiamycin was inhibitory to protozoa during the introduction to grain, and L-lactate accumulation in the rumen of sheep supplemented with barley plus virginiamycin may be a result of altered fermentation associated with reduced numbers of protozoa.

scholarly journals The influence of slowly and rapidly degradable concentrate protein on nitrogen balance, rumen fermentation pattern and blood parameters in dairy cattle.

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.A.G. Veen ◽  
J. Veling ◽  
Y.T. Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Fermentation Pattern ◽  
Degradable Protein

In a crossover trial, 4 cows were given concentrates containing rapidly and slowly degradable protein in combination with prewilted grass silage. Diets were given in 2 equal daily portions according to DCP and net energy requirements. The trial consisted of 3 main periods of 3 weeks each, with faeces, urine and milk collected and measured during the final week. On 1 day during this week samples of rumen fluid were taken and on 2 days blood samples were taken, directly before the morning feed and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 h later. N digestibity and N retention were the same on both rations. A concentrate with slowly-degradable protein resulted in a significantly higher rumen pH and acetate:propionate ratio. Ammonia concn. tended to be lower. Slowly-degradable concentrate protein led to a significantly higher concn. of urea and a lower concn. of insulin in blood. The concn. of several of the essential amino acids, and of the glucogenic amino acids and glycine was significantly lower. There were no significant effects of type of protein on milk yield or milk composition, but there was a tendency for these parameters to increase with ration containing slowly-degradable protein. Results suggest the ration containing slowly-degradable concentrate protein produced a more even rumen fermentation, which promoted a higher acetate:propionate ration in the rumen. On this ration there was a tendency for more gluconeogenesis from amino acids to occur. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Effects of oregano (Oreganumonites L.) aromatic water on rumen microbial fermentation of Holstein calves

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1110-1114
Author(s):  
Serkan ÖZKAYA ◽  
Ozan Emre ALMALI ◽  
Yavuz AYAN ◽  
Sabri ERBAŞ ◽  
Taylan AKSU
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Total Bacteria ◽  
Different Doses

The study aimed to determine the effects of the addition of aromatic oregano water (AOW) on rumen fermentation of Holstein calves. For this purpose, 20 Holstein calves were divided into four groups (n = 5) and fed with three different doses of AOW (1, 1.5, and 2%). The experimental groups were formed as follows; the control group (CNT): milk + starter; G1: 1% AOW supplemented milk + starter; G2: 1.5% AOW supplemented milk + starter; G3: 2% AOW supplemented milk + starter. The rumen fluid was taken from the oesophagus at 60 days of age with the aid of a rumen probe. In acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), and butyric acid (BA) except for total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) (P < 0.05), the numerical differences between the means of the groups were not found statistically significant. The rumen pH values of the groups were not affected by the addition of AOW. Likewise, the difference between the total bacteria and the numbers of protozoa, Entodinum, Diplodinium, Isotrichia, and Daystrichia were not statistically significant. The results of the study showed that the addition of AOW did not have a negative or positive effect on rumen fermentation of the calves.

scholarly journals Supplementation with sodium butyrate improves rumen fermentation, antioxidant capability, and immune function in dairy calves before weaning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhui Liu ◽  
A La Teng Zhu La ◽  
Alexander Evans ◽  
Shengtao Gao ◽  
Zhongtang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Sodium Butyrate ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Quadratic Effect ◽  
Treatment Groups

Abstract Background Short-chain fatty acids including butyrate have received increasing research interest as potential alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in animal production. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation of sodium butyrate (SB) on the growth performance, rumen fermentation, antioxidant capacity, and immune response of calves before weaning. Healthy Holstein female calves (4-day-old; 40 ± 5 kg of body weight) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups (n = 10 per group). The control group was fed no SB (SB0), while the other groups were supplemented with 2% (SB2), 4% (SB4), or 6% (SB6) of SB/kg of dry matter. All calves were housed in individual hutches. Results The SB supplementation enhanced growth rate and improved feed conversion into body weight gain compared with the SB0 group. At 60 days of age, the rumen fluid pH increases quadratically with increased SB supplementation, and the ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration of rumen fluid in the treatment groups were significantly lower than that of the SB0 group. There was a quadratic effect that indicated that the SB4 treatment was most effective in reducing the NH3-N concentration. The concentration of volatile fatty acids and Acetic: Propionic in rumen fluid were not affected by SB in any groups. At 28 days of age, the serum level of maleic dialdehyde of the SB groups was significantly lower than that of the control group, and the glutathione peroxidase activity in the serum of group SB4 was significantly increased compared with the that of the control group. At 28 days of age, SB had a quadratic effect on serum immunoglobulin A concentration, with the greatest increase being observed in group SB4. At 60 days of age, the serum immunoglobulin G concentration increased linearly as SB levels increased. Conclusions Under the conditions of this study, there were positive effects of SB supplementation on growth performance, rumen fermentation, antioxidant ability, and immune function in calves before weaning. We recommended 4% as the optimal SB supplementation level to improve growth, antioxidant and immune function of calves before weaning.

318 Effect of Initial Providing Time of Oat Hay on Performance, Health, Behavior and Rumen Fermentation in Calves

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 173-174
Author(s):  
Tianyu Chen ◽  
Jianxin Xiao ◽  
Tingting Li ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
Zhijun Cao
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Basic Diet ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Abnormal Behaviors ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract To determine the appropriate time to feed hay to calves, 210 healthy Holstein calves at d 2 were randomly divided into 3 groups: feeding basic diet (starter) without hay (CON), inclusion of oat hay from the second week (H2) or fourth week (H4) in addition to the basic diet. All calves were weaned on d 56 and raised in the same hutches until the end of the experiment (d 70). Calf starter intake and fecal score were recorded daily throughout the experimental period. Body weight, body size, blood and rumen fluid samples were collected every 2 weeks before weaning and once a week after weaning. Inclusion of oat hay in the basic diet (H2 and H4) resulted in increased body weight (P &lt; 0.01) and average daily gain (P &lt; 0.01) throughout the experiment when compared to the basic diet (CON) only. Calves fed oat hay from 2 weeks of life had the highest starter intake (P &lt; 0.01), average daily gain (P &lt; 0.01) in the pre- and post-weaning periods. Body length and heart girth was similar between treatments. The H2 calves had lower diarrhea frequency (P &lt; 0.05) and diarrhea days (P &lt; 0.05) during the post-weaning period. Compared to the CON calves, inclusion of hay increased the rumen pH (P &lt; 0.01), while decreasing the NH3-N (P &lt; 0.01) and tend to decrease the total VFA (P &lt; 0.06) during the entire trial. Calves in H2 treatment spent more time ruminating (P &lt; 0.01), but less time standing (P &lt; 0.05), eating starter (P &lt; 0.01) and engaging in abnormal behaviors (P &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, calves supplemented with oat hay improved growth rate and rumen fermentation when compared with calves fed only starter, and adding hay from 2 weeks of calves life may be the best choice for the farm to have the greatest growth and health performance.

scholarly journals Comparison of grass silage utilization by reindeer and sheep: 2. Rumen fermentation and rumen microbiota

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-135
Author(s):  
Liisa Syrjälä-Qvist
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microbiota ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Sampling Times

The criteria used in comparing the utilization of grass silage by reindeer and sheep were rumen pH, ammonia, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and microbes. Rumen samples were taken before feeding, and 2 ½ and 5 ½ hours after the beginning of feeding. Rumen fermentation was lower in the reindeer than in the sheep and differed less between the three sampling times. In the reindeer/the pH of the rumen fluid averaged 6.94 and in the sheep 6.61. The average amounts of NH3—N were 17.0 and 24.2 mg/100 ml rumen fluid and those of total VFA 8.46 and 10.90 mmoles/100ml rumen fluid, respectively. The proportion of acetic acid in the VFA in the reindeer was 75.3 molar % and in the sheep 66.0 molar %, the corresponding values for propionic acid being 18.5 and 22.0 molar % and for butytic acid 4.2 and 8.8 molar %. The number of rumen ciliates in the reindeer averaged 87/mm3 rumen contents and in the sheep 314/ mm3. The numbers of bacteria were 16.0 X 106/mm3, respectively. The proportion of the total microbe mass in the reindeer rumen contents was 1.8 % and in the sheep 2.4 %. The proportions of bacteria in this mass were 87 % and 70 %, respectively. The differences between the reindeer and sheep in the rumen fermentation results and in the numbers of rumen microbiota were nearly all statistically significant (P

scholarly journals Effect of the Length of Oat Hay on Growth Performance, Health Status, Behavior Parameters and Rumen Fermentation of Holstein Female Calves

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 890
Author(s):  
Jianxin Xiao ◽  
Tianyu Chen ◽  
Gibson Maswayi Alugongo ◽  
Muhammad Zahoor Khan ◽  
Tingting Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Basic Diet ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Abnormal Behaviors ◽  
Daily Gain

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the length of oat hay on the performance, health, behavior, and rumen fermentation of dairy calves. For this purpose, two hundred and ten healthy two-day-old Holstein dairy calves were randomly allocated into three groups: basic diet (calf starter) without hay (CON), or a basic diet with oat hay at either long (OL: 10–12 cm) or short (OS: 3–5 cm) length cut. The basic diet was fed from day 4, while the hay was offered from day 14. All calves were weaned at day 56 and remained in their individual hutches till the end of the trial (day 70). Calf starter intake and fecal scores were recorded daily. Bodyweight, body size, and rumen fluid samples were collected biweekly before weaning and weekly after weaning. Overall, providing oat hay (OS and OL) in the diet increased the body weight, starter intake, and average daily gain compared to the CON group. Similarly, feeding oat hay improved rumen fermentation. More specifically, hay enhanced the rumen pH and changed the rumen fermentation type. Hay fed calves spent more time on rumination but less time performing abnormal behaviors compared to control. As it can be concluded, feeding oat hay to calves enhances the growth performance, rumen fermentation, and normal calf behaviors, implying improved animal welfare irrespective of the hay length.

scholarly journals Early life dietary intervention in dairy calves results in a long-term reduction in methane emissions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Meale ◽  
M. Popova ◽  
C. Saro ◽  
C. Martin ◽  
A. Bernard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Rumen Microbiome ◽  
Fungal Structure

AbstractRecent evidence suggests that changes in microbial colonization of the rumen prior to weaning may imprint the rumen microbiome and impact phenotypes later in life. We investigated how dietary manipulation from birth influences growth, methane production, and gastrointestinal microbial ecology. At birth, 18 female Holstein and Montbéliarde calves were randomly assigned to either treatment or control (CONT). Treatment was 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), an investigational anti-methanogenic compound that was administered daily from birth until three weeks post-weaning (week 14). Samples of rumen fluid and faecal content were collected at weeks 1, 4, 11, 14, 23, and 60 of life. Calves were tested for methane emissions using the GreenFeed system during the post-weaning period (week 11–23 and week 56–60 of life). Calf physiological parameters (BW, ADG and individual VFA) were similar across groups throughout the trial. Treated calves showed a persistent reduction in methane emissions (g CH4/d) throughout the post-weaning period up to at least 1 year of life, despite treatment ceasing three weeks post-weaning. Similarly, despite variability in the abundance of individual taxa across weeks, the rumen bacterial, archaeal and fungal structure differed between CONT and 3-NOP calves across all weeks, as visualised using sparse-PLS-DA. Similar separation was also observed in the faecal bacterial community. Interestingly, despite modest modifications to the abundance of rumen microbes, the reductive effect of 3-NOP on methane production persisted following cessation of the treatment period, perhaps indicating a differentiation of the ruminal microbial ecosystem or a host response triggered by the treatment in the early development phase.

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