Digestion of a ground and pelleted diet in the stomach and intestines of young sheep from two breeds

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 617 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Margan ◽  
GJ Faichney ◽  
NM Graham ◽  
JB Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

Some aspects of digestion were studied in small groups of fistulated wether lambs from two breeds, Dorset Horn and Corriedale. The Iambs were given a ground and pelleted diet of equal parts hay and concentrates once daily at two levels of intake. At the same liveweight (25 kg), the higher intake was associated with reduced digestion of organic matter (OM) and fibre in the whole gastro-intestinal tract; rumen mean retention times were also reduced, as was the proportion of OM digestion which occurred in the rumen. An increase in the amount of protein entering the intestines appeared to be composed of both undegraded dietary protein and microbial protein. Despite a reduction in the digestibility of non-ammonia nitrogen in the intestines, more crude protein was digested there per unit of digestible OM intake (25.9 v..23.6%; P < 0.05). Differences between the breed groups were smaller than those associated with level of feeding. Nevertheless, particularly at lower relative intakes, rumen mean retention times were longer, rumen digesta content was greater, and rumen OM and fibre digestion tended to be greater in the Dorset Horn lambs; crude protein digestion in the intestines per unit of digestible OM intake also tended to be less at the low intakes. More than three-quarters of the cellulose digestion but less than half the hemicellulose digestion occurred in the rumen. The proportion of the urea synthesized that was degraded in the gastrointestinal tract (0.24-0.30) was consistently lower in these lambs than has been reported for adult sheep.

scholarly journals The influence of level of grain intake on protein digestion in the intestine of cattle

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Neudoerffer ◽  
P. A. Leadbeater ◽  
F. D Horney ◽  
H. S Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Particulate Fraction ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Total Digestion ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

1. Protein digestion in the gastro-intestinal tract of cattle receiving diets with either low or high content of maize was investigated. Digesta obtained from the duodenum and ileum were separated into three fractions; soluble, microbial and particulate, and the amino acid composition of the three fractions and that of the total digesta were determined. The proportion of particulate material digested in the intestine was less from the high-maize than from the low-maize diet, but more of the particulate fraction entered the duodenum from the high-maize than from the low-maize diet, so the absolute amount of particulate fraction which was digested was greater for the high-maize diet.2. More protein was digested in the rumen from the low-maize diet (high-roughage) than from the other diet. Total digestion of protein from the low-maize diet was also higher.3. Although more protein from the high-maize than from the low-maize diet reached the duodenum, the protein from the low-maize diet was more digestible in the intestine, so the total amount of dietary protein digested in the intestine was the same for both rations.

scholarly journals Mesquite Extract as Phytogenic Additive to Improve the Nutrition of Sheep

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Tonhá Alves Júnior ◽  
Evaristo Jorge Oliveira de Souza ◽  
Airon Aparecido Silva de Melo ◽  
Dulciene Karla De Andrade Silva ◽  
Thaysa Rodrigues Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Ciliated Protozoa ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis

Four concentrations (0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg extract per ml of water) of mesquite extract were used as phytogenic additive to verify the potential to increase the nutritional value of the feed, ruminal parameters (primarily propionate production) and nitrogen use efficiency, microbial protein synthesis and quantify the reduction of ciliated protozoa and characterize the ingestive behavior of sheep. Ten adult male sheep were subjected to a 5 × 5 double Latin square design. Prior to feeding, the animals received the mesquite extract. Nutrient intake was estimated from the difference of the amount of feed provided and the total surplus. Rumen content samples were collected to evaluate the profile of short-chain fatty acids, ammonia nitrogen, pH, ciliated protozoa, turnover rate and disappearance rate. To estimate the microbial protein synthesis, the technique of purine derivatives was used. The mesquite extract quadratically increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients, as well as increased propionate production, acetate:propionate ratio and microbial protein synthesis. The numbers of ciliate protozoa in the rumen decreased as a result of mesquite extract inclusion in the diet. The use of mesquite pod extract at a concentration of 488 mg/mL is recommended to improve digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients, and to optimize microbial protein synthesis and increase propionic acid production.

scholarly journals Inclusion of copaiba oil (Copaifera sp.) as additive in supplements for cattle on pasture

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-192
Author(s):  
Fabiola Espindola Ortega de Lima ◽  
Rafael Henrique de Tonissi e Buschinelli de Goes ◽  
Jefferson Rodrigues Gandra ◽  
Diego dos Santos Penha ◽  
Raquel Tenório de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Copaiba Oil

SUMMARY This study analyzed the effect of including copaiba oil as an additive for cattle supplemented on pasture, during the dry season. Four crossbred steers, castrated, with 245 ± 25 kg, aged about 18 months, fitted with permanent rumen cannula; were randomly assigned to a 4×4 Latin square. All animals were housed in individual paddocks (0.3 ha), uniformly covered with Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu, with through and drinking fountain; and were given a concentrate at 500g/100 kg BW containing 380 g/kg crude protein (%DM). The copaiba oil was added to the supplement as a spray, in the proportions of 0, 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg DM intake. Spraying supplementation was performed daily at the time of supply of the supplement. Data of intake and digestibility of nutrients, ruminal pH; ruminal ammonia nitrogen, and microbial protein synthesis were tested by analysis of variance and polynomial regression, adopting a significance level of 5%. The inclusion of copaiba oil quadratically affected total dry matter intake (P=0.030) and CP digestibility (P=0.043), without altering ruminal metabolism (P>0.05) and microbial protein synthesis (P>0.05) of the animals kept on pasture.

352 A Century and a Half of Nitrogen and Protein Metabolism in Ruminants

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 196-196
Author(s):  
Gerald B Huntington ◽  
Joan Eisemann
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Ruminant Metabolism

Abstract By 1870, we knew plants and animals contained protein, and the participation of protein and urea in animal and human N metabolism was recognized. Nitrogen balance studies had been conducted, and the atomic theory was established. By 1900, research established the concepts of energy and protein metabolic interactions, the role for urea in ruminant metabolism, amino acids as constituents of protein molecules, and enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Research stations were publishing research results and feeding recommendations. By 1950, the concept of biological value was established, and we knew ruminal microorganisms use dietary NPN, degrade dietary protein, and form microbial protein as a source of amino acids for ruminant tissue protein. By 2000, hypothesis-driven, statistically valid experimental designs created quantitative information on metabolizable protein and essential amino acid requirements. Use of surgically altered animals, isotopically labelled molecules, and standardized laboratory analyses created quantitative information on ingestion, ruminal degradability of dietary protein, digestion, absorption, and metabolism of N-containing compounds. Research showed that ruminants respond to manipulation of postruminal amino acid supply. We had elucidated protein composition and structure, the role of protein turnover to determine the concentration of cellular proteins, and the quantitative significance of protein turnover to whole body protein metabolism. The internet and the advent of international symposia provided links among researchers around the globe. By 2020, proteomics and metabolomics enhanced description of underlying control mechanisms related to amino acid metabolism. Research quantified integration of amino acid supply and use among body tissues. Multidisciplinary research teams had created empirical and mechanistic models. Those models currently use or estimate rates and daily amounts of ruminal (in)degradability of dietary protein, ammonia production, urea recycling, microbial protein synthesis, postruminal protein digestion, metabolic fecal nitrogen, and amino acid absorption and metabolism. They predict use of metabolizable amino acids for maintenance, reproduction, postnatal growth, and lactation.

Rates of passage of solutes, microbes and particulate matter through the gastro-intestinal tract of ewes fed at a constant rate throughout gestation

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 481
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
GA White
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Peristaltic Activity ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

The rates of passage of solutes, microbes and particulate matter were measured at different stages of gestation in multiparous Corriedale ewes. The mean retention times (MRT) of each of these constituents in the rumen decreased as gestation progressed. There was an increase in the MRT of digesta distal to the stomach which was sufficient to compensate for the decrease in solute MRT in the rumen. Thus, for the whole tract, only the MRT of particulate matter decreased during gestation. There were good relationships between the rate of passage from the rumen of microbes and of particulate matter and that of water, reflecting the importance of water as the vehicle for passage from the rumen. The fractional outflow rate of the particle-associated marker 103Ru-phen was greater than the net value for microbes, but was similar to the calculated value for non-microbial, non-ammonia nitrogen. The proportion of the rumen microbial population that was free-floating declined to a minimum of 0.18 as the fractional outflow rate of water increased. A peristaltic activity index showed a tendency to decline, particularly in the duodenum, as gestation progressed.

scholarly journals Gastro-intestinal Tract Function in Sheep Infused with Somatostatin

1985 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 393 ◽  
Author(s):  
TN Barry ◽  
GJ Faichney ◽  
Carolyn Redekopp
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Continuous Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Tract Function ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

The effect of a 5-day continuous intravenous infusion of somatostatin (4�6 ng min- I kg-I) was studied, using anoestrous ewes given 791 g dry matter per day of a 60: 40 lucerne hay: oat grain pelleted diet from a continuously moving belt. 5ICr-EDTA, I03Ru-phenanthroline and lignin were used as markers to determine digesta mean retention times (MRT) by a continuous infusion-total sampling procedure.

The effect of antibiotics on ammonia accumulation and protein digestion in the rumen

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Ammonia Accumulation ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

A study was made of the feasibility of using antibiotics to reduce ruminal deamination of protein that comprised 27% of the organic matter in a diet of lucerne hay and casein. Six sheep were each dosed with a different antibiotic. At the levels given, penicillin and erythromycin reduced rumen ammonia levels by about 35%, but also reduced food intake. Chloramphenicol reduced rumen ammonia by about 50% but neomycin, oxytetracyclene, and streptomycin had little effect.When all six sheep were subsequently dosed with chloramphenicol at 1 g/day the levels of rumen ammonia were reduced only to 85% of the control. The antibiotic had little effect on the extent of digestion of protein, organic matter, and cellulose, both in the stomach and in the whole alimentary tract, and on parameters associated with the movement of digesta through the stomach The quantity of nitrogen passing from the stomach in forms other than ammonia was 52–54% of intake during both the control and treatment periods. Much of this nitrogen probably passed from the stomach in the form of microbial protein, which indicated that the dietary protein was extensively digested. In consequence of the loss of nitrogen from the stomach, the protein apparently digested in the intestines was equivalent to only about 14.5 g/100 g digestible organic matter.

Corrigendum - Rates of passage of solutes, microbes and particulate matter through the gastro-intestinal tract of ewes fed at a constant rate throughout gestation

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 481
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
GA White
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Peristaltic Activity ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

The rates of passage of solutes, microbes and particulate matter were measured at different stages of gestation in multiparous Corriedale ewes. The mean retention times (MRT) of each of these constituents in the rumen decreased as gestation progressed. There was an increase in the MRT of digesta distal to the stomach which was sufficient to compensate for the decrease in solute MRT in the rumen. Thus, for the whole tract, only the MRT of particulate matter decreased during gestation. There were good relationships between the rate of passage from the rumen of microbes and of particulate matter and that of water, reflecting the importance of water as the vehicle for passage from the rumen. The fractional outflow rate of the particle-associated marker 103Ru-phen was greater than the net value for microbes, but was similar to the calculated value for non-microbial, non-ammonia nitrogen. The proportion of the rumen microbial population that was free-floating declined to a minimum of 0.18 as the fractional outflow rate of water increased. A peristaltic activity index showed a tendency to decline, particularly in the duodenum, as gestation progressed.

Survival and metabolic activity of the GanedenBC30 strain of Bacillus coagulans in a dynamic in vitro model of the stomach and small intestine

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Maathuis ◽  
D. Keller ◽  
S. Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Bacillus Coagulans ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Carbohydrate Digestion

We have investigated the survival and activity of GanedenBC30 during passage through the upper gastro-intestinal tract. GanedenBC30 was tested in a dynamic, validated, in vitro model of the stomach and small intestine (TIM-1) on survival and its potential to aid in digestion of milk protein, lactose and fructose. The survival of GanedenBC30 was high (70%), although germination of the spores was minimal (<10%) under the conditions tested. Survival of the strain in the presence of lactose and fructose was markedly lower (56-59%) than in the absence of the sugars. The amount of digested milk protein available for absorption was somewhat higher (+0.2 g) when GanedenBC30 was added to the milk. When GanedenBC30 was tested with lactose or fructose added to the meal, the cumulative amount of lactate produced was slightly higher (+0.12-0.18 mmol) compared to the GanedenBC30 alone. In conclusion, although the differences in survival of GanedenBC30 are small, these results show the potential of GanedenBC30 to aid in protein digestion and in the digestion of lactose and fructose. If a larger fraction of the Bacillus coagulans cells had germinated, the influence on protein and carbohydrate digestion would probably have been much greater. Importance of the findings: the potential of GanedenBC30 to aid in the digestion of lactose and fructose could be used to prevent occurrence of intestinal symptoms in individuals sensitive to these carbohydrates.

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