Corrigendum - Rates of passage of solutes, microbes and particulate matter through the gastro-intestinal tract of ewes fed at a constant rate throughout gestation

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 481
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
GA White
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Peristaltic Activity ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

The rates of passage of solutes, microbes and particulate matter were measured at different stages of gestation in multiparous Corriedale ewes. The mean retention times (MRT) of each of these constituents in the rumen decreased as gestation progressed. There was an increase in the MRT of digesta distal to the stomach which was sufficient to compensate for the decrease in solute MRT in the rumen. Thus, for the whole tract, only the MRT of particulate matter decreased during gestation. There were good relationships between the rate of passage from the rumen of microbes and of particulate matter and that of water, reflecting the importance of water as the vehicle for passage from the rumen. The fractional outflow rate of the particle-associated marker 103Ru-phen was greater than the net value for microbes, but was similar to the calculated value for non-microbial, non-ammonia nitrogen. The proportion of the rumen microbial population that was free-floating declined to a minimum of 0.18 as the fractional outflow rate of water increased. A peristaltic activity index showed a tendency to decline, particularly in the duodenum, as gestation progressed.

Rates of passage of solutes, microbes and particulate matter through the gastro-intestinal tract of ewes fed at a constant rate throughout gestation

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 481
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
GA White
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Peristaltic Activity ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

The rates of passage of solutes, microbes and particulate matter were measured at different stages of gestation in multiparous Corriedale ewes. The mean retention times (MRT) of each of these constituents in the rumen decreased as gestation progressed. There was an increase in the MRT of digesta distal to the stomach which was sufficient to compensate for the decrease in solute MRT in the rumen. Thus, for the whole tract, only the MRT of particulate matter decreased during gestation. There were good relationships between the rate of passage from the rumen of microbes and of particulate matter and that of water, reflecting the importance of water as the vehicle for passage from the rumen. The fractional outflow rate of the particle-associated marker 103Ru-phen was greater than the net value for microbes, but was similar to the calculated value for non-microbial, non-ammonia nitrogen. The proportion of the rumen microbial population that was free-floating declined to a minimum of 0.18 as the fractional outflow rate of water increased. A peristaltic activity index showed a tendency to decline, particularly in the duodenum, as gestation progressed.

Measurement in sheep of the quantity and composition of rumen digesta and of the fractional outflow rates of digesta constituents

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Quantitative Prediction ◽  
Representative Sampling ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Specific Labelling

Knowledge of the fractional outflow rates of rumen digesta constituents is required for the quantitative prediction of rumen function. However, there are few data available for these parameters because of the problems associated with specific labelling of digesta constituents and with the need to ensure that samples are truly representative of rumen digesta. Methods are described here by which two markers can be used together to overcome the problem of representative sampling of the rumen, so eliminating the need for specific labelling, with 'ideal' markers, of digesta constituents. Thus, from the measurement of the amount and composition of true digesta in the rumen and the amount and composition of true digesta flowing from the abomasum, values for the fractional outflow rates (and its reciprocal, mean retention time) of rumen digesta constituents can be calculated. Appropriate application of these methods will allow the derivation of functions to predict fractional outflow rates. The results presented show that the fractional outflow rate of an adsorbable marker, 103Ru-P, was about half that of water but was about twice that of particulate matter; it was also greater than the net value for microbes. On the assumption that microbial material leaving the rumen is drawn from a free-floating microbial population and a population associated with particulate matter, it was calculated that 0.29 � SE 0.07 (range 0.09-0.49) of the rumen microbial population could have been free-floating.

Intake, growth and carcass characteristics of young ostriches given concentrates with and without pasture

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nitzan ◽  
D. Barkai ◽  
Z. Nitsan ◽  
S. Landau1
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Total Daily Intake ◽  
Commercial Farming ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Hedysarum Coronarium ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Different Parts

AbstractAlthough ostriches are herbivores, their diets in commercial farming in Israel consist mainly of concentrates. The objective of this study was to evaluate an alternative for fattening ostriches aged 10 to 30 weeks, which combines pasture with concentrate feeding. Chicks were allotted to three treatments. Diet of group C40 consisted of concentrate only, provided at 40 g/kg body mass (mb). Groups CG20 and CG30 received concentrate at 20 and 30 g/ kg mb, respectively, and grazed 4 to 6 h/day on lush green alfalfa (Medicago sativa), sown barley (Hordeum vulgare), natural pasture or sulla (Hedysarum coronarium). During the last 10 weeks of experiment, groups CG20 and CG30 were merged into one group, managed as CG20 and grazed natural pasture, sulla, alfalfa, or vetch (Vicia sativa). Ostriches from group CG20 and CG30 consumed 390 (s.e.30) g and 260 (s.e. 20) g DM per day at pasture, i.e. 0·46 and 0·28 of their total daily intake, respectively. Pasture intake for CG20 was higher (P < 0·05) than for CG30. Intake of pasture (both grazing treatments combined) was twice as much as on natural pasture or alfalfa as on barley. These results were consistent with the ostriches’ preference for forbs rather than grasses in the natural pasture. The mean organic matter digestibility was 0·84 (s.e. 0·01), ostriches gained at 347 (s.e. 13) g/day, and the food conversion ratio was 3·05 (s.e. 0·16), with no effect of group. Also, grazing did not affect the dressing rate (0·47, s.e. 0·015) or the size and mass of the different parts of the gastro-intestinal tract, with the exception of the glandular and muscular stomachs, which were proportionately 0·4 (P < 0·05) heavier in grazing birds. Lower (P < 0·05) fat content (33·8 v. 26·5 g/kg) but not tenderness, of a selected muscle (fibularis longus) was found for grazing birds. This study suggests that, in young ostriches, grazing lush green pasture may reduce concentrate intake by proportionately 0·4, without altering growth performance or carcass yield and quality.

An assessment of chromic oxide as an indigestible marker for digestion studies in sheep

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Single Marker ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Faecal Concentration

SUMMARYFistulated cross-bred sheep were given, by means of continuous feeders, concentrate diets containing chromic oxide (Cr2O3). Dry-matter digestibility coefficients predicted from the faecal concentration of Cr2O3 were compared with those obtained by total collection of faeces, and the concentration of Cr2O3 in spot samples of faeces taken at different times of day was compared with that in faeces bulked over an 8-day collection period. The rate of flow of digesta from the abomasum and the partition of digestion between the stomach and intestines, calculated from the concentration of Cr2O3 in samples of abomasal digesta, were compared with values obtained using two markers, one of which remained in solution while the other was adsorbed by particulate matter.Récovery of Cr2O3 in the faeces ranged from 91 to 101% and predicted dry-matter digestibilities were similar to those obtained by total collection. There was no diurnal variation but there was marked random variation in the concentration of Cr2O3 in spot samples of faeces. Cr2O3 was shown to behave independently of the particulate matter in digesta and, as a single marker, it significantly underestimated the flow of digesta from the abomasum relative to the double marker method. Cr2O3 thus overestimated digestion in the stomach and underestimated digestion in the intestines. It was concluded that Cr2O3 was not a satisfactory marker for studies of the flow of digesta and hence the partition of digestion within the gastro-intestinal tract when digesta samples are taken from a simple cannula.

Hindgut fermentation in dogs

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 65-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Singh ◽  
W Hendriks ◽  
L Tucker ◽  
D G Thomas ◽  
G Fahey
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Fibrous Material ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

There is a large body of research investigating the nutritional needs of the dog at different life-stages and the use of different feed ingredients in commercial diets (Clapper et al, 2001; Schroeder & Smith, 2008). Despite this, though there has been relatively little published work looking at the role the large intestine plays in nutrient digestion in the dog. The dog’s gastro-intestinal tract has been compared to the cat’s in terms of relative length. However the cat is a true carnivore and has little need to ferment fibre from the diet, whereas the dog is a scavenger and will consume a much wider range of food, and therefore may need to ferment fibrous material from the diet. The dog may therefore require a more developed large intestine to harbour a microbial population to aid in the digestion of this fibrous material. This study was performed to determine differences in digestion of nutrients in this segment of the canine gastrointestinal tract.

Effect of conceptus growth on the contents of the maternal gastrointestinal tract in ewes fed at a constant rate throughout gestation

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Faichney ◽  
G. A. White ◽  
J. B. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Gompertz Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gravid Uterus ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Sigmoid Curve ◽  
Physical Effects ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

SummaryMultiparous Corriedale ewes were maintained on a constant feed intake such that the body weight (i.e. live weight less gravid uterus) of single-bearing ewes at the end of gestation approximated their live weight at mating. The ewes were allocated to one of five groups, designated for slaughter at 0, 50, 90, 120 and 140 days of gestation. At slaughter, the gravid uterus was removed, weighed and its components dissected out and the contents of all sections of the gastro-intestinal tract were removed, weighed and sampled.Foetal growth was described by a Gompertz model. It was predicted that, at day 150, a twin foetus would have been 0·95 of the weight of a single foetus but this difference was not statistically significant. The foetal proportion of the gravid uterus followed a sigmoid curve during gestation to reach a predicted value of 0·60 at day 150. Predicted birth weights represented 10·4 and 18·6% of maternal body weight in single- and twin-bearing ewes.The digesta content of the rumen and of the whole gastro-intestinal tract was not significantly affected by gestation. However, there was a tendency for the values to decline to day 90, then increase during the last third of gestation. It was suggested that the decline was due to hormonal rather than direct physical effects. By contrast, the amounts of organic digesta constituents in the rumen descreased as gestation progressed (P < 0·01) indicating an effect of gestation on rumen propulsive activity.

Ontogeny of somatostatin in the human gastro-intestinal tract, endocrine pancreas and hypothalamus

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Chayvialle ◽  
C. Paulin ◽  
P. M. Dubois ◽  
F. Descos ◽  
M. P. Dubois
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Endocrine Pancreas ◽  
Appearance Time ◽  
Early Appearance ◽  
Specific Distribution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Preferential Location ◽  
Immuno Cytochemistry ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Human Foetuses

Abstract. The appearance, time and distribution of somatostatin in the pancreas, gastro-intestinal tract and hypothalamus were studied comparatively in human foetuses aged 6–32 weeks, by immuno-cytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. Somatostatin was detected by both methods in all segments including the colon. The first cells were observed, and somatostatin was present in measurable amounts at 8 weeks in pancreas, duodenum and intestine, while the peptide was detected at 12 weeks in antrum and colon, at 14 weeks in fundus, and at 16 weeks in hypothalamus. Subsequently, the largest cell population was located in the pancreas, where peptide concentration and age were positively correlated (P < 0.01, r = 64). From 15 to 21 weeks of age, the mean somatostatin concentration in pancreas (12.4 ± 1.84 ng/mg) was clearly higher than in hypothalamus (0.05 ± 0.02 ng/mg) or in any segment of the gut, where values ranged from 0.36 ± 0.06 (fundus) to 4.74 ± 0.83 ng/mg (duodenum). The early appearance time of somatostatin, and its specific distribution with preferential location in the pancreas, suggest that the peptide may play a major role for the development of the foetal digestive tract, and that it may be involved in the regulation of other endocrine secretions, especially in the pancreas.

Digestion of a ground and pelleted diet in the stomach and intestines of young sheep from two breeds

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 617 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Margan ◽  
GJ Faichney ◽  
NM Graham ◽  
JB Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

Some aspects of digestion were studied in small groups of fistulated wether lambs from two breeds, Dorset Horn and Corriedale. The Iambs were given a ground and pelleted diet of equal parts hay and concentrates once daily at two levels of intake. At the same liveweight (25 kg), the higher intake was associated with reduced digestion of organic matter (OM) and fibre in the whole gastro-intestinal tract; rumen mean retention times were also reduced, as was the proportion of OM digestion which occurred in the rumen. An increase in the amount of protein entering the intestines appeared to be composed of both undegraded dietary protein and microbial protein. Despite a reduction in the digestibility of non-ammonia nitrogen in the intestines, more crude protein was digested there per unit of digestible OM intake (25.9 v..23.6%; P < 0.05). Differences between the breed groups were smaller than those associated with level of feeding. Nevertheless, particularly at lower relative intakes, rumen mean retention times were longer, rumen digesta content was greater, and rumen OM and fibre digestion tended to be greater in the Dorset Horn lambs; crude protein digestion in the intestines per unit of digestible OM intake also tended to be less at the low intakes. More than three-quarters of the cellulose digestion but less than half the hemicellulose digestion occurred in the rumen. The proportion of the urea synthesized that was degraded in the gastrointestinal tract (0.24-0.30) was consistently lower in these lambs than has been reported for adult sheep.

The fate of soluble mucin in the gastro-intestinal tract of sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Hecker
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Soluble Enzymes

SummaryExperiments were done to determine the fate of soluble mucins in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. Incubation of a soluble mucin with liquor from large intestinal contents resulted in loss of mucin. Some of this loss was due to soluble enzymes. The loss of mucin was less when incubation was with rumen liquor and variable when with ileal liquor.The mean amounts of nitrogen in a soluble mucin fraction which was soluble in trichloroacetic acid (T.C.A.-soluble mucin) were 2·5, 7·3 and 20·0 mg per 100 ml in rumen caecal and faecal liquors respectively. These amounts were only a small proportion of the total soluble nitrogen in these fluids.Amounts of T.C.A.-soluble mucin, measured by sugar content, were greatest in contents from the small intestine. When the amounts of T.C.A.-soluble mucin were compared with the amounts of lignin in the samples, there was an increase between the abomasum and the first part of the small intestine and then a decrease to the caecum. Amounts relative to lignin were low in other parts of the gastro-intestinal tract.The greatest ratio of fucose to rhamnose in T.C.A.-soluble mucin from gastro-intestinal liquors was in ileal liquor. The presence of the two methyl pentoses, fucose and rhamnose, indicates that the T.C.A.-soluble mucin is derived from mucus and bacteria.

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