scholarly journals The influence of level of grain intake on protein digestion in the intestine of cattle

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Neudoerffer ◽  
P. A. Leadbeater ◽  
F. D Horney ◽  
H. S Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Particulate Fraction ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Total Digestion ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

1. Protein digestion in the gastro-intestinal tract of cattle receiving diets with either low or high content of maize was investigated. Digesta obtained from the duodenum and ileum were separated into three fractions; soluble, microbial and particulate, and the amino acid composition of the three fractions and that of the total digesta were determined. The proportion of particulate material digested in the intestine was less from the high-maize than from the low-maize diet, but more of the particulate fraction entered the duodenum from the high-maize than from the low-maize diet, so the absolute amount of particulate fraction which was digested was greater for the high-maize diet.2. More protein was digested in the rumen from the low-maize diet (high-roughage) than from the other diet. Total digestion of protein from the low-maize diet was also higher.3. Although more protein from the high-maize than from the low-maize diet reached the duodenum, the protein from the low-maize diet was more digestible in the intestine, so the total amount of dietary protein digested in the intestine was the same for both rations.

Digestion of a ground and pelleted diet in the stomach and intestines of young sheep from two breeds

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 617 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Margan ◽  
GJ Faichney ◽  
NM Graham ◽  
JB Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

Some aspects of digestion were studied in small groups of fistulated wether lambs from two breeds, Dorset Horn and Corriedale. The Iambs were given a ground and pelleted diet of equal parts hay and concentrates once daily at two levels of intake. At the same liveweight (25 kg), the higher intake was associated with reduced digestion of organic matter (OM) and fibre in the whole gastro-intestinal tract; rumen mean retention times were also reduced, as was the proportion of OM digestion which occurred in the rumen. An increase in the amount of protein entering the intestines appeared to be composed of both undegraded dietary protein and microbial protein. Despite a reduction in the digestibility of non-ammonia nitrogen in the intestines, more crude protein was digested there per unit of digestible OM intake (25.9 v..23.6%; P < 0.05). Differences between the breed groups were smaller than those associated with level of feeding. Nevertheless, particularly at lower relative intakes, rumen mean retention times were longer, rumen digesta content was greater, and rumen OM and fibre digestion tended to be greater in the Dorset Horn lambs; crude protein digestion in the intestines per unit of digestible OM intake also tended to be less at the low intakes. More than three-quarters of the cellulose digestion but less than half the hemicellulose digestion occurred in the rumen. The proportion of the urea synthesized that was degraded in the gastrointestinal tract (0.24-0.30) was consistently lower in these lambs than has been reported for adult sheep.

scholarly journals Protein Type, Protein Dose, and Age Modulate Dietary Protein Digestion and Phenylalanine Absorption Kinetics and Plasma Phenylalanine Availability in Humans

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (8) ◽  
pp. 2041-2050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan H M Gorissen ◽  
Jorn Trommelen ◽  
Imre W K Kouw ◽  
Andrew M Holwerda ◽  
Bart Pennings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Absorption Kinetics ◽  
Acid Absorption ◽  
Amino Acid Absorption ◽  
Type Protein ◽  
Protein Ingestion

ABSTRACT Background Dietary protein ingestion stimulates muscle protein synthesis by providing amino acids to the muscle. The magnitude and duration of the postprandial increase in muscle protein synthesis rates are largely determined by dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics. Objective We assessed the impact of protein type, protein dose, and age on dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics in vivo in humans. Methods We included data from 18 randomized controlled trials with a total of 602 participants [age: 53 ± 23 y; BMI (kg/m2): 24.8 ± 3.3] who consumed various quantities of intrinsically l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine–labeled whey (n = 137), casein (n = 393), or milk (n = 72) protein and received intravenous infusions of l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine, which allowed us to assess protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics and the postprandial release of dietary protein–derived phenylalanine into the circulation. The effect of aging on these processes was assessed in a subset of 82 young (aged 22 ± 3 y) and 83 older (aged 71 ± 5 y) individuals. Results A total of 50% ± 14% of dietary protein–derived phenylalanine appeared in the circulation over a 5-h postprandial period. Casein ingestion resulted in a smaller (45% ± 11%), whey protein ingestion in an intermediate (57% ± 10%), and milk protein ingestion in a greater (65% ± 13%) fraction of dietary protein–derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation (P &lt; 0.001). The postprandial availability of dietary protein–derived phenylalanine in the circulation increased with the ingestion of greater protein doses (P &lt; 0.05). Protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics were attenuated in older when compared with young individuals, with 45% ± 10% vs. 51% ± 14% of dietary protein–derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation, respectively (P = 0.001). Conclusions Protein type, protein dose, and age modulate dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics and subsequent postprandial plasma amino acid availability in vivo in humans. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00557388, NCT00936039, NCT00991523, NCT01317511, NCT01473576, NCT01576848, NCT01578590, NCT01615276, NCT01680146, NCT01820975, NCT01986842, and NCT02596542, and at http://www.trialregister.nl as NTR3638, NTR3885, NTR4060, NTR4429, and NTR4492.

An assessment of chromic oxide as an indigestible marker for digestion studies in sheep

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Single Marker ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Faecal Concentration

SUMMARYFistulated cross-bred sheep were given, by means of continuous feeders, concentrate diets containing chromic oxide (Cr2O3). Dry-matter digestibility coefficients predicted from the faecal concentration of Cr2O3 were compared with those obtained by total collection of faeces, and the concentration of Cr2O3 in spot samples of faeces taken at different times of day was compared with that in faeces bulked over an 8-day collection period. The rate of flow of digesta from the abomasum and the partition of digestion between the stomach and intestines, calculated from the concentration of Cr2O3 in samples of abomasal digesta, were compared with values obtained using two markers, one of which remained in solution while the other was adsorbed by particulate matter.Récovery of Cr2O3 in the faeces ranged from 91 to 101% and predicted dry-matter digestibilities were similar to those obtained by total collection. There was no diurnal variation but there was marked random variation in the concentration of Cr2O3 in spot samples of faeces. Cr2O3 was shown to behave independently of the particulate matter in digesta and, as a single marker, it significantly underestimated the flow of digesta from the abomasum relative to the double marker method. Cr2O3 thus overestimated digestion in the stomach and underestimated digestion in the intestines. It was concluded that Cr2O3 was not a satisfactory marker for studies of the flow of digesta and hence the partition of digestion within the gastro-intestinal tract when digesta samples are taken from a simple cannula.

352 A Century and a Half of Nitrogen and Protein Metabolism in Ruminants

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 196-196
Author(s):  
Gerald B Huntington ◽  
Joan Eisemann
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Ruminant Metabolism

Abstract By 1870, we knew plants and animals contained protein, and the participation of protein and urea in animal and human N metabolism was recognized. Nitrogen balance studies had been conducted, and the atomic theory was established. By 1900, research established the concepts of energy and protein metabolic interactions, the role for urea in ruminant metabolism, amino acids as constituents of protein molecules, and enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Research stations were publishing research results and feeding recommendations. By 1950, the concept of biological value was established, and we knew ruminal microorganisms use dietary NPN, degrade dietary protein, and form microbial protein as a source of amino acids for ruminant tissue protein. By 2000, hypothesis-driven, statistically valid experimental designs created quantitative information on metabolizable protein and essential amino acid requirements. Use of surgically altered animals, isotopically labelled molecules, and standardized laboratory analyses created quantitative information on ingestion, ruminal degradability of dietary protein, digestion, absorption, and metabolism of N-containing compounds. Research showed that ruminants respond to manipulation of postruminal amino acid supply. We had elucidated protein composition and structure, the role of protein turnover to determine the concentration of cellular proteins, and the quantitative significance of protein turnover to whole body protein metabolism. The internet and the advent of international symposia provided links among researchers around the globe. By 2020, proteomics and metabolomics enhanced description of underlying control mechanisms related to amino acid metabolism. Research quantified integration of amino acid supply and use among body tissues. Multidisciplinary research teams had created empirical and mechanistic models. Those models currently use or estimate rates and daily amounts of ruminal (in)degradability of dietary protein, ammonia production, urea recycling, microbial protein synthesis, postruminal protein digestion, metabolic fecal nitrogen, and amino acid absorption and metabolism. They predict use of metabolizable amino acids for maintenance, reproduction, postnatal growth, and lactation.

scholarly journals Correlation of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease with psycological factors: A viscous cycle?

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akriti Sharma ◽  
◽  
Garima Singal ◽  
Urvi Saini ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Reflux Disease ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
The Brain

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a disorder of the gastro-intestinal tract is often associated with psychological factors such as anxiety and depression. Researchers across the globe are divided in their views about psychological factors being the cause or sequalae of GERD. While some researchers believe that psychiatric disorders contribute to GERD, others suggest that unresolved GERD leads to symptoms of anxiety and depression. Through this article we aim to highlight, that the brain-gut axis acts as a strong link between the central nervous system and Gastrointestinal tract and that there is a likelihood of a viscous cycle of psychological factors leading to symptoms of GERD, and unresolved GERD contributing to further worsening of psychological illnesses. In our opinion, while treating patients for either of the two disorders, history of the other one needs to be excluded and if GERD and psychological illnesses are found to co-exist, the two must be treated simultaneously as the treatment of one maybe incomplete without treatment of the other.

EFFECT OF PROTEIN LEVEL AND LYSINE AND METHIONINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING PIGS: RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT SEXES AND STRAINS OF PIGS

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Bayley ◽  
J. D. Summers
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factorial Experiments ◽  
Methionine Supplementation

Two factorial experiments have been conducted with corn–soybean diets. Four types of pigs and three "sexes": males, females and castrated males, were used. The first experiment showed that Lacombe and Yorkshire strains responded to an increase in dietary protein from 13 to 16% by growing faster, whereas Landrace and a crossbred strain did not. The males grew faster than the females. In the second experiment, the effects of adding lysine and/or methionine to diets containing either 12 or 14% protein were investigated. There was no significant improvement in gain or feed efficiency when either amino acid was added separately, but there was a substantial response when they were added together. Landrace, Yorkshire and Hampshire × Landrace pigs were used in this experiment and the Landrace gained more slowly than the other two types.

Survival and metabolic activity of the GanedenBC30 strain of Bacillus coagulans in a dynamic in vitro model of the stomach and small intestine

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Maathuis ◽  
D. Keller ◽  
S. Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Bacillus Coagulans ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Carbohydrate Digestion

We have investigated the survival and activity of GanedenBC30 during passage through the upper gastro-intestinal tract. GanedenBC30 was tested in a dynamic, validated, in vitro model of the stomach and small intestine (TIM-1) on survival and its potential to aid in digestion of milk protein, lactose and fructose. The survival of GanedenBC30 was high (70%), although germination of the spores was minimal (<10%) under the conditions tested. Survival of the strain in the presence of lactose and fructose was markedly lower (56-59%) than in the absence of the sugars. The amount of digested milk protein available for absorption was somewhat higher (+0.2 g) when GanedenBC30 was added to the milk. When GanedenBC30 was tested with lactose or fructose added to the meal, the cumulative amount of lactate produced was slightly higher (+0.12-0.18 mmol) compared to the GanedenBC30 alone. In conclusion, although the differences in survival of GanedenBC30 are small, these results show the potential of GanedenBC30 to aid in protein digestion and in the digestion of lactose and fructose. If a larger fraction of the Bacillus coagulans cells had germinated, the influence on protein and carbohydrate digestion would probably have been much greater. Importance of the findings: the potential of GanedenBC30 to aid in the digestion of lactose and fructose could be used to prevent occurrence of intestinal symptoms in individuals sensitive to these carbohydrates.

Adaptation ofCryptosporidiumoocysts to different excystation conditions

Parasitology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (11) ◽  
pp. 1583-1588 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. WIDMER ◽  
P. KLEIN ◽  
R. BONILLA
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Taurocholic Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Neutral Solution ◽  
Acid Environment ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

SUMMARYWithin the genusCryptosporidium2 lineages have evolved, one adapted to the acid environment of the stomach and abomasum, the other comprising parasites that multiply in the small intestine. We tested whether the release of sporozoites from oocysts, a process known as excystation, is triggered by conditions which mimic the site of infection. Specifically, we exposed oocysts from gastric and intestinalCryptosporidiumspecies to acid conditions or to a neutral solution of taurocholic acid, at 37°C. We found that oocysts from the gastric speciesC. murisandC.andersoniexcysted in both conditions, whereas the intestinal speciesC. parvumandC. hominisdid not respond to acid. When the effect of temperature alone was tested onC. murisandC. parvum, only oocysts from the former species excysted in significant numbers. Oocysts from intestinal species did not respond to temperature alone, nor to acidity. These observations are consistent with the need of gastric species to rapidly excyst and release the sporozoites upon ingestion, and indicate thatCryptosporidiumoocysts have evolved to maximize delivery of sporozoites to the region of the gastro-intestinal tract where the parasite multiplies.

scholarly journals Pathology of Infestation of the Rat With Nippostrongylus Muris (Yokogawa) V. Protein Digestion

1960 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 578 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEA Symons
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Gastric Digestion ◽  
Stomach Tube ◽  
V Protein ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

The digestion of protein by rats infested with the intestinal nematode N ippostrongylus muris (Yokogawa, 1920) was measured directly by feeding by stomach tube egg albumin labelled with radioiodine. One hour later nearly 70 per cent. was recovered from the gastro�intestinal tract of infested rats, but only 50 per cent. from that of normal rats. This difference was due largely to a depression of digestion in the small intestine, although absorption was also slightly reduced. Gastric digestion was not affected, nor was there any difference between the rates of gastric emptying by normal and infested rats.

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