The effect of antibiotics on ammonia accumulation and protein digestion in the rumen

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Ammonia Accumulation ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

A study was made of the feasibility of using antibiotics to reduce ruminal deamination of protein that comprised 27% of the organic matter in a diet of lucerne hay and casein. Six sheep were each dosed with a different antibiotic. At the levels given, penicillin and erythromycin reduced rumen ammonia levels by about 35%, but also reduced food intake. Chloramphenicol reduced rumen ammonia by about 50% but neomycin, oxytetracyclene, and streptomycin had little effect.When all six sheep were subsequently dosed with chloramphenicol at 1 g/day the levels of rumen ammonia were reduced only to 85% of the control. The antibiotic had little effect on the extent of digestion of protein, organic matter, and cellulose, both in the stomach and in the whole alimentary tract, and on parameters associated with the movement of digesta through the stomach The quantity of nitrogen passing from the stomach in forms other than ammonia was 52–54% of intake during both the control and treatment periods. Much of this nitrogen probably passed from the stomach in the form of microbial protein, which indicated that the dietary protein was extensively digested. In consequence of the loss of nitrogen from the stomach, the protein apparently digested in the intestines was equivalent to only about 14.5 g/100 g digestible organic matter.

Synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen. III.The effect of dietary protein

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Free Diet ◽  
Different Levels

Protein production in the rumen of sheep fed on a virtually protein-free diet supplemented with urea and higher volatile fatty acids (VFA) and yielding 600 g digestible organic matter per day amounted to 90 g/day. When gelatin was substituted for the higher VFA and 50% of the urea nitrogen, microbial protein production remained at a similar level (91 g/day); with casein, production increased to 101 g/day, and with zein to 104 g/day. Nitrogen balances increased from 4.1 g/day in sheep fed on the casein diet to 5.5 g/day in those fed on the zein diet (P < 0.05). These values were both significantly higher than those for the urea/VFA or gelatin-containing diets, reflecting the different levels of microbial protein production on the respective diets. In addition, 44 g un-degraded zein left the rumen daily, accounting for the increase in nitrogen balance on this diet above that on the casein diet. Negligible amounts of nitrogen were recycled on the urea/VFA, gelatin, and casein treatments, but at least 7.5 g recycled nitrogen was utilized in the rumen daily on the zein diet. This is equivalent to 47 g protein, sufficient in itself to satisfy the maintenance requirement of the sheep for protein. The yields of protein from ruminal fermentation on the three protein treatments suggest that the maximum possible yield may exceed 20 g/100 g organic matter digested in the rumen.

7.1 Protein Digestion in Grazing Sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 141-143
Author(s):  
J. L. Corbett ◽  
E. P. Furnival ◽  
M. W. Inskip ◽  
F. S. Pickering
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
Native Pastures

In 23 experiments, measurements were made over 4 or 5 day periods of the digestion of herbage by lambs (Expts 1-10 and 14-18, Table 7.1.1) and adult sheep (Expts 11-13 and 19-23) grazing phalaris (P. aquatica), lucerne and unfertilized native pastures. All 38 animals used (Corriedales) had rumen and simple abomasal cannulae; seven adult sheep also had a simple ileal cannula. Corbett, Furnival, Inskip, Perez and Pickering (1976) and Corbett (1981) have described the techniques used for estimating intakes of organic and digestible organic matter and nitrogen (OMI, DOMI, NI) and the fractional outflow rates (FOR/h) of liquid from the rumen, the rate and composition of digesta flows and microbial protein production by reference to intra-ruminally infused 103Ru-phenanthroline, 51CrEDTA and Na235S04.

Prediction of silage dry matter digestibility from digestible organic matter digestibility

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 93-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.W.J. Keady ◽  
C.S. Mayne ◽  
D J Kilpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
The Uk

Grass silage forms the basal forage for the majority of dairy and beef cattle during the winter indoor feeding period. However its feeding value, as determined by intake potential and digestibility can differ dramatically at farm level as indicated by the Hillsborough Feeding Information System (HFIS). For example, for 7000 silages which were offered to dairy and beef cattle during the 1999/2000 indoor feeding period in Ireland and analysed through the HFIS, dry matter digestibility (DMD) varied from 540 to 830 g/kg DM (Keady, 2000). Many models used to predict feed intake by dairy cattle include a digestibility component (Keady and Mayne, 2000). However some models use DMD whereas others use digestible organic matter digestibility (DOMD). Furthermore commercial laboratories in Ireland measure silage digestibility as DMD while in the UK it is measured as DOMD. To facilitate the use of different models to predict food intake by dairy cattle, often it is necessary to be able to predict DMD from DOMD or vice versa. The present study was undertaken to develop a relationship between DMD and DOMD to facilitate the use of different models for the prediction of food intake when digestibility is available only either as DMD or as DOMD.

352 A Century and a Half of Nitrogen and Protein Metabolism in Ruminants

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 196-196
Author(s):  
Gerald B Huntington ◽  
Joan Eisemann
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Ruminant Metabolism

Abstract By 1870, we knew plants and animals contained protein, and the participation of protein and urea in animal and human N metabolism was recognized. Nitrogen balance studies had been conducted, and the atomic theory was established. By 1900, research established the concepts of energy and protein metabolic interactions, the role for urea in ruminant metabolism, amino acids as constituents of protein molecules, and enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Research stations were publishing research results and feeding recommendations. By 1950, the concept of biological value was established, and we knew ruminal microorganisms use dietary NPN, degrade dietary protein, and form microbial protein as a source of amino acids for ruminant tissue protein. By 2000, hypothesis-driven, statistically valid experimental designs created quantitative information on metabolizable protein and essential amino acid requirements. Use of surgically altered animals, isotopically labelled molecules, and standardized laboratory analyses created quantitative information on ingestion, ruminal degradability of dietary protein, digestion, absorption, and metabolism of N-containing compounds. Research showed that ruminants respond to manipulation of postruminal amino acid supply. We had elucidated protein composition and structure, the role of protein turnover to determine the concentration of cellular proteins, and the quantitative significance of protein turnover to whole body protein metabolism. The internet and the advent of international symposia provided links among researchers around the globe. By 2020, proteomics and metabolomics enhanced description of underlying control mechanisms related to amino acid metabolism. Research quantified integration of amino acid supply and use among body tissues. Multidisciplinary research teams had created empirical and mechanistic models. Those models currently use or estimate rates and daily amounts of ruminal (in)degradability of dietary protein, ammonia production, urea recycling, microbial protein synthesis, postruminal protein digestion, metabolic fecal nitrogen, and amino acid absorption and metabolism. They predict use of metabolizable amino acids for maintenance, reproduction, postnatal growth, and lactation.

Effects of substitution of barley with citrus pulp on diet digestibility and intake and production of lactating ewes offered mixed diets based on ammonia-treated barley straw

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Castrillo ◽  
A. Barrios-Urdaneta ◽  
M. Fondevila ◽  
J. Balcells ◽  
J. A. Guada
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Lamb Growth

AbstractTwenty-eight lactating ewes (mean 48 (s.e. 0·37) kg live weight) were used from days 12 to 52 after lambing to evaluate the effects on digestibility and production performance of replacing barley grain with citrus pulp in diets based on ammonia-treated barley straw. Concentrates included 0·82 to 0·83 of different barley to citrus pulp proportions: 100: 0 (T1); 66: 33 (T2); 33: 66 (T3) and 0: 100 (T4), 0·115 of soya-bean meal, and urea to make diets isonitrogenous. Ewes were adapted to a common diet for 11 days after lambing, and then were given 850 g/day of each experimental concentrate together with 850 g/day of chopped barley straw for 14 days and milk production and lamb growth were recorded. During the following 14 days ewes received the same amount of concentrate but the straw was offered ad libitum and straw intake was recorded as well as milk production and lamb growth. After completing both periods, four ewes per treatment were used for total collections of faeces and urine. Apparent digestibility of organic matter and neutral-detergent fibre increased linearly (P < 0·05) with increasing levels of citrus pulp although no differences were found in the digestible organic matter content of dry matter of diets because of differences in ash content. Urinary excretion of allantoin and purine derivatives per unit of digestible organic matter intake tended to decrease with increasing inclusion of citrus pulp (proportionately by 0·15), suggesting a decrease in microbial protein synthesis, though this effect was not significant (P > 0·05). Faecal excretion of purine bases also decreased (P < 0·05) as citrus pulp inclusion increased. No treatment effect (P > 0·05) on ewe live weight, milk composition or serum glucose and 3–OH butyrate was observed when a 1: 1 straw to concentrate ratio was given, but milk production and lamb daily gain decreased linearly (P < 0·05) with increased proportions of citrus pulp in the concentrate. Similar responses were detected when straw was given ad libitum and differences among treatments in terms of straw intake were not identified. It is concluded that a lower microbial protein flow might explain in part the reduction in milk production observed when barley was replaced with citrus pulp.

The digestion of two diets of differing protein content but with similar capacities to sustain wool growth

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 973 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Wool Growth

Measurements were made of the digestion in sheep of two diets of differing protein content but known to support similar levels of wool growth. When offered to the sheep at 500 g/day, the high protein (HP) diet provided 13.8 g nitrogen (N), while the low protein (LP) diet provided 5.5 g. With the HP diet, approximately 8.8 g N in forms other than ammonia passed daily through the pylorus; 6.8 g of this N was apparently digested in the intestines. The corresponding values for the LP diet were 8.1 and 6.2. The similarity in wool growth recorded with these diets, despite large differences in dietary protein intake, is consistent with the hypothesis that wool growth is limited by the quantity of amino acid N absorbed from the alimentary tract. The stomach was the site of 72–73 % of the organic matter digestion and more than 90% of the cellulose digestion that occurred in the whole alimentary tract. In addition, approximately 90% of the dietary soluble carbohydrate was apparently digested in the stomach. It was calculated, by making several assumptions, that the quantity of microbial crude protein synthesized in the rumen did not exceed 44–49 g/day, equivalent to 15–16 g/100 g organic matter digested in the rumen. The implications of this calculation in the protein nutrition of ruminants are discussed. The retention time of a soluble marker in the rumen was 15–18 hr, and rates of flow of digesta from the rumen and abomasum were comparatively low.

Partition of organic matter, fibre and protein digestion in ewes fed at a constant rate throughout gestation

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
GA White
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Small Extent ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Gravid Uterus ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
N Compounds

The digestion of dietary organic matter, fibre constituents and protein in the stomach and intestines of multiparous Corriedale ewes was studied at different stages of gestation. As gestation progressed, the digestion of organic matter and cell wall organic matter in the rumen decreased. Digestibility in the whole tract declined to a small extent. The degradation of dietary protein was reduced from 72% In non-pregnant ewes to 37% at day 139 of gestation. Protein digestion distal to the stomach increased by 20%. Microbial protein synthesis in the rumen decreased, and it is suggested that the unexpected decrease in the efficiency of microbial synthesis may have been due to reduced rumen osmolalities as a result of the polydipsia exhibited in this experiment in late gestation. Rumen ammonia levels were related to the degradation of dietary N compounds, and caecal ammonia levels increased as protein digestion in the intestines increased. Plasma glucose levels remained normal, and D-3-OH-butyric acid levels remained low until the gravid uterus reached about 4.5 kg (equivalent to about day 120 in single- and day 90 in twin-bearing ewes). Thereafter glucose levels fell and D-3-OH-butyrate levels rose. The latter rise was associated with an increase in the urinary excretion of ammonia N. Plasma urea levels declined to day 90, then rose to day 139, and plasma amino acid N levels rose in late gestation; these increases may reflect tissue mobilization and increased fetal use of amino acids as an energy source.

Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. 15. Voluntary feed consumption and digestion in lambs fed chopped roughage diets varying in quality

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 643 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Large Particle ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Particle Content ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

Feed intake and digestion transactions for diets based on wheaten straw and mature ryegrass diets, both supplemented to provide additional essential nutrients, were compared with those for lucerne hay and high quality forage oats diets in lambs weighing c. 24 kg. The data obtained and comparable published data were used to examine relationships between a range of variables. Decrease in roughage quality, as evidenced by decrease in digestible organic matter (OM) intake, was accompanied by increase in (i) times spent eating, ruminating and chewing rumination boluses, (ii) the quantities of digesta or digesta OM in the reticula-rumen and omasum. It was not associated with increase in the large particle content of rumen or omasum digesta. Over the range of diets, close direct relations were demonstrated between (i) ruminating time and the amount of digesta in the reticulo-rumen, (ii) the amounts of digesta in the reticulo-rumen and omasum, (iii) the OM concentrations in rumen and reticulum digesta, (iv) the OM concentrations in reticulum and omasum digesta, (v) the OM concentration of reticulum digesta and of digesta flowing to the omasum, and (vi) the increase in OM concentration from reticulum to omasum digesta and OM concentration of reticulum digesta. Reticulum digesta were of finer texture than rumen digesta, and the bulk density of digesta particle fractions varied between diets, and sometimes between rumen and large intestine digesta. With a straw-based diet, relative to lucerne hay, small particles ( <600 �m sieve) were cleared more slowly from the reticula-rumen, associated with a larger reticulo-rumen particle pool. The data are discussed in relation to (i) the flow of digesta through the alimentary tract and (ii) the regulation of roughage intake. They were considered to be consistent with a concept that energy metabolism and digesta load in the reticulo-rumen interact in the regulation of roughage intake.

scholarly journals The effect of grinding and pelleting on the digestion of Italian ryegrass and timothy by sheep

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Beever ◽  
D. F. Osbourn ◽  
S. B. Cammell ◽  
R. A. Terry
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Net Energy Value

1. Primary growths of Italian ryegrass and timothy were harvested in late May, high-temperature dried and either retained in the chopped form or ground through a 2 mm sieve and pelleted. All diets were fed to four sheep fitted with re-entrant cannulas into the proximal duodenum and measurements of the sites of energy and protein digestion and the synthesis of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and microbial protein were made.2. Grinding and pelleting significantly reduced rumen digestion of organic matter and structural carbohydrate(P < 0·05) and the synthesis of rumen VFA (P < 0·01), whilst significantly more digestion occurred in the hind gut, although this was not sufficient to prevent a decline in over-all digestibility on the pelleted diets (P < 0·05). The magnitude of all responses was much larger on the Italian ryegrass diet.3. Net microbial protein synthesis was 15% less on the pelleted diets but efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was unaffected (mean 188g/kg rumen digested organic matter). Pelleting reduced the degradation of dietary protein from 69% to 47%, and dietary protein represented significantly more of the total protein flowing to the duodenum on the pelleted diets (chopped 28%, pelleted 41%).4. Over-all, grinding and pelleting reduced total absorbed energy supply by 10% but increased absorbed protein supply by 1 5% which may contribute to some of the improvements seen, in the net energy value of pelleted dlets.

scholarly journals Effect of the roughage/concentrate ratio on nitrogen entering the small intestine of dairy cows.

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-283
Author(s):  
S. Tamminga
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
Microbial N

The effect of different roughage:concentrate ratios on N entering the small intestine was studied in groups of 2 to 5 cows with a rumen fistula and re-entrant cannulae at the beginning of the small intestine. In 3 series there were 10 treatments in which DM intake ranged between 3.8 and 15.7 kg daily; the proportion of long roughage in the diet was from 29 to 81%. The apparent digestibility of organic matter (O), crude fibre (XF) and nitrogen-free extracts (XX) was 76, 69 and 81%, respectively. The proportion of the digestion taking place in the stomach was 59, 94 and 76%. A larger proportion of the apparently digestible organic matter tended to be digested in the stomach when there was a larger proportion of long roughage in the diet. The contribution of microbial N to the intestinal N was estimated. From this the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was estimated and related to the amount of carbohydrates (XF + XX) fermented in the stomach. Per kg carbohydrates fermented, 32 plus or minus 1.5 g microbial N was produced. The percentage of dietary N not degraded in the stomach averaged 30 plus or minus 1.5. Varying the ratio between long roughage and pelleted concentrates seemed to have little effect on the degradation of dietary protein or on the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. With long roughage in the diet between 29 and 81% there seems little effect of varying the roughage:concentrate ratio on the protein supply in dairy cows. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document