Development of the grape berry. I. Effects of time of flowering and competition

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
BG Coombe
Keyword(s):  
Slow Growth ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Volume Increase ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Solute Accumulation ◽  
Accumulation Phase ◽  
Slow Growth Phase

In an experiment on field-grown Vitis vinifera cv. Muscat Gordo Blanco, six times of flowering were established by using early and late developers amongst primary and secondary bunches on winter- and spring-pruned vines. Repeated measurements of the diameters of marked berries and of refraction (�Brix) of the juice of sampled berries were used to calculate berry volume and weight of solutes per berry. In a second experiment the effect of competition between bunches was tested by thinning. The volume-time curves were similar until 25 days after flowering, after which they diverged markedly. The chief reasons for divergence were the different rates and timing of deceleration during the first growth cycle, and the different lengths of the slow growth phase: berries from late flowers decelerated quickly but had a prolonged lag phase. Some, though not all, of these effects could be attributed to competition between bunches on the same vine. The inceptions of the solute accumulation phase and of the second growth cycle were coincident within treatments. The rates of increase in �Brix were uniform between treatments, despite large differences in berry volume increase. Solutes per berry increased linearly for 40 or more days, but at diverse rates that were influenced chiefly by the rate of volume increase in the second growth cycle. In some cases, solutes per berry continued to increase after berries had stopped growing. Temperature summations over the interval from flowering to 17�Brix were not constant.

Growth and senescence of the grape berry*

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 939 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Hale
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Berry Development ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Slow Growth Phase

Benzothiazole-2-oxyacetic acid (BTOA) was applied to bunches of grapes (Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz) at different times during their development and its effect on their subsequent growth was followed by measuring changes in berry weight, reducing sugars, malate, and tartrate. It lengthened the slow growth phase of berry development and this delayed ripening. It had no effect on the course of the first or second rapid growth stages. Greatest response to a single application was obtained when BTOA was applied at the end of the first growth stage or during the first week of the lag phase. Two and three applications made at 2-weekly intervals lengthened the lag phase more than a single application. During the prolonged lag phase malate continued to increase and reached a higher maximum than in untreated grapes. No consistent effect of BTOA on the tartrate content of grapes was apparent. The response of grapes to treatment with BTOA and other auxins is discussed in relation to growth and senescence of the grape berry. * This work was initiated at the Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, S.A. 5064, Australia.

scholarly journals Growth and Developmental Responses of Seeded and Seedless Grape Berries to Shoot Girdling

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuren Zhang ◽  
Guoguang Luo ◽  
Ronghui Wang ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
David G. Himelrick
Keyword(s):  
Slow Growth ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Zeatin Riboside ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Seedless Grape

The relationship of assimilate supply to grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry growth and development was studied with a seeded (`Kyoho') and a seedless (`Seedless Wuhehong') cultivar. A single shoot girdling between the second and third nodes below the basal cluster at the end of Stage I of berry growth shortened Stage II (the lag phase) of `Kyoho' grape berries by 10 days, and eliminated Stage II in `Seedless Wuhehong' grape berries. Double shoot girdling between the second and third nodes below the basal cluster and above the upper cluster, respectively, at the same time at the end of Stage I, advanced Stage II by 3 days in both cultivars. Normal accumulation of dry weight in the `Kyoho' grape berry is in a double sigmoidal pattern, but it became a single sigmoidal pattern in response to a single basal girdling. The highest percent moisture in berries was at 20 days after full bloom. Rapid changes in berry pectin substances lagged behind those of soluble solids and titratable acidity, and behind the onset of berry softening at veraison in `Kyoho', but not in `Seedless Wuhehong', for which the three processes were concurrent. It is suggested that the slow growth of the berries during Stage II is a result of a decrease in the rate of water accumulation on a whole berry basis and a decrease in accumulation of dry matter in the skin and flesh (pericarp) due to assimilate competition within grapevines and within berries. The relationships between levels of endogenous hormones (IAA, GA3, zeatin, zeatin riboside, and ABA) and berry growth were also studied with `Kyoho' grapes. The results showed that the slow growth of grape berries during Stage II was associated with assimilate competition between the skin-flesh (pericarp) and seeds, and with peak shifts of concentrations of IAA, GA3, zeatin and zeatin riboside. Changes in ABA levels were closely associated with ripening and senescence during late Stage III.

Carbon dioxide requirement of Neisseria gonorrhoeae growing on a solid medium

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-132
Author(s):  
D J Platt
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Solid Medium ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Replica Plating ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Male Patients

A survey of 120 isolations of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from male patients showed that 47 (39%) isolates were unable to produce visible colonies without a supply of exogenous carbon dioxide. Of 63 strains, 25 strains required CO2 for isolation but none exhibited a CO2 requirement beyond subculture 4. CO2-requiring strains deprived of CO2 appeared to lose their colony-forming ability exponentially in an environment otherwise conductive to growth. The CO2 requirement was found to be linked to the initiation of growth. An agar-to-agar replica-plating device was used to study the early stages of colonial growth. The CO2 requirement was also found to correlate with the various phases of the colony growth cycle, such that it was required during lag phase, not required during the phase of rapid growth, and returned as colonies aged. These results are discussed.

scholarly journals Metrics for studying berry growth kinetics in seedless grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.)

OENO One ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-131
Author(s):  
George Letchov ◽  
Venelin Roychev ◽  
Neli Keranova
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Growth Processes ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Growth Metrics ◽  
Seedless Grape ◽  
Sigmoid Curve

The process related to the changes in dimensions and mass of grape berry passes through two growth phases separated by a lag phase, and can be described by a double sigmoid curve. The onset of the growth phases and their duration are important factors for understanding the growth processes in grape berries. A new method for their quantitative determination was developed in the present study. In this method, the phase transition dates correspond to the times at which the rate of change of the curvature of the logistic (sigmoid) curve reaches an extreme value. The method was tested on three seedless grape varieties, Sultanina, Ruby Seedless and Rusalka 3, and the changes in grape berry dimensions and mass were tracked from anthesis to harvest. For each of the varieties, a double logistic model of change in berry length, width and mass from anthesis to harvest was developed and the metrics of growth - beginning, stabilisation and end of growth - for each of the two phases were determined. It was found that the metrics in mass and berry dimensions do not match and shift relative to each other over time. A comparison of growth metrics with phenological metrics, such as anthesis, veraison and ripening, showed that phenophases cannot be used as a time scale to record the acceleration of growth processes, as they shifted in time with growth metrics. An exception was veraison, which coincided with the beginning of the accelerated growth of grapes during the second growth phase, following the lag phase. The time scale presented in the current research is a new tool for monitoring growth processes and could help clarify the links between visible changes in the grape berries and the ongoing processes within them. The developed method can also be used for the analysis of various growth processes that follow the logistic law.

scholarly journals Comparison of different methods of grapevine yield prediction in the time window between fruitset and veraison

OENO One ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario De la Fuente ◽  
Rubén Linares ◽  
Pilar Baeza ◽  
Carlos Miranda ◽  
José Ramón Lissarrague
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Models ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Prediction Methods ◽  
Yield Prediction ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Grape Yield

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim</strong>: To compare grape yield prediction methods to determine which provide the best results in terms of earliness of prediction in the growing season, accuracy and precision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: The grape yields predicted by six models – one for use at fruitset (FS), two for use at <em>veraison</em> (V1 and V2), and three for use during the lag phase (LP40, LP50 and LP60) – were compared to field-measured yields. Regressions for the yield predicted by each model were constructed. The V1 and V2 models had the highest R<sup>2</sup> (0.75) and efficiency index (EF; 0.67-0.71) and the lowest RMSE values (±16-17%, or &lt;0.5 kg per m of row). The FS model had the same or similar R<sup>2</sup> (0.58), EF (0.06) and RMSE (±30%, or &lt;0.83 kg per m of row) values as the LP models, but allowed yield predictions to be made one month earlier.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The validated FS, V1 and V2 models are all useful in predicting grape yields and could be used to accurately forecast (with different errors) grape yields at either early or later time points according to winery needs. These models could be improved as further data become available in following seasons.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: Few validated models are available for predicting grapevine yields at fruitset and <em>veraison</em>. This study provides predictive models that can be used at these different times of the growth cycle.<strong></strong></p>

Associations Between Cellular Levels of ATP and Prodigiosin Pigment Throughout the Growth Cycle of Serratia marcescens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pryce L. Haddix
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Stationary Phases ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
High Density ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Density Growth

ABSTRACT Serratia marcescens is a prolific producer of the red, membrane-associated pigment prodigiosin. Earlier work has established both a positive role for prodigiosin in ATP production during population lag phase and a negative role during high-rate, low cell density growth. This study uses the growth rate and growth phase modulation afforded by chemostat culture to extend prodigiosin functional analysis to the high density and stationary phases. Cellular levels of prodigiosin were positively associated with cellular levels of ATP during high-density growth, and artificial pigment induction during this phase increased cellular ATP. Following peak high density ATP per cell, early stationary phase enabled significant population growth while prodigiosin levels remained high and ATP declined. During late stationary phase, ATP per cell was positively associated with prodigiosin per cell while both declined during continued growth. These results provide correlational evidence for multiple effects of prodigiosin pigment on ATP production throughout the growth cycle. Earlier work and the data presented here enable formulation of a working model for the oscillating relationships between cellular levels of ATP and prodigiosin during batch culture.

GROWTH STUDIES ON ARTHROBACTER GLOBIFORMIS: II. CHANGES IN MACROMOLECULAR LEVELS DURING GROWTH

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Phase Cell ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Differential Rate ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Stationary Phase Culture ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dna And Protein Synthesis

Changes in macromolecular levels (RNA, DNA, protein) have been followed during the growth cycle of A. globiformis. When a stationary phase culture is transferred to fresh medium a 12-fold increase in RNA level and 6-fold increases in DNA and protein levels are observed during the predivisional lag phase. Initially RNA synthesis precedes DNA and protein synthesis but all reach the same differential rate 2 to 3 hours prior to division. During the predivisional lag period the RNA/protein ratio per cell expands from 0.19 to 0.36. Once division occurs, cells of A. globiformis remain in the enlarged pleomorphic form until the medium becomes limiting; at this time synthesis of macromolecules ceases and the continued division (three to four generations) results in progressively smaller cells until the coccoid stationary phase cell-type is reached.

Regrowth and flowering in sweet orange after pruning

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
GI Moss
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Practical Investigations ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Growth Cycles ◽  
The Third ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Subsequent Flowering ◽  
Orange Trees ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Cool Conditions

Sweet orange trees, cv. Late Valencia, 6 m in height were moderately pruned in the spring of 1969, up to 8 % of the canopy being removed. Over 2 years, three or four growth cycles were completed. The amount of regrowth was correlated with the size of the first growth cycle flush after pruning, and this was correlated with the diameter of the pruned branch. No flowers were found on regrowths 1 year after pruning; only 75% of regrowths produced flowers 2 years after pruning, and only 50 % produced fruit. Small plants (rooted cuttings) were used to investigate pruning responses in the phytotron. Low temperatures (18/13�C) immediately after pruning for 8 weeks resulted in smaller first growth cycle flushes after pruning, and even after transfer to warm (27/22�) conditions the original height was not regained after three growth cycles. Plants that received cool conditions after the first or second growth cycles regained their original height after the third growth cycle. The amount of regrowth was correlated with the length of the first growth cycle flushes, which was correlated with the original height of the plants and the height after pruning. Flowers could not be induced on the old wood after pruning or on the first growth cycle flushes, and only few flowers were formed in the second growth cycle flushes. Many inflorescences were produced on third growth cycle flushes following inductive conditions (18/13�C) for 8 weeks. Light pruning of less vigorous plants did not inhibit subsequent flowering. The practical implications of this work are discussed. Moderate pruning will remove part of two crops, not one, because of the inability of regrowth flushes to flower until several growth cycles have formed. The tree relatively quickly replaces the growth removed, and this depends on the vigour of the first growth cycle flushes after pruning. Pruning in autumn or winter would be expected to result in less vigorous regrowth. Our lack of knowledge on the pruning responses of orange trees is emphasized, with suggestions for future practical investigations.

scholarly journals A physico-chemical study of some induced changes in the morphology of Bacterium lactis aerogenes . A theory of the balance and adaptive variation of certain enzyme processes in bacteria

1944 ◽  
Vol 132 (866) ◽  
pp. 47-67 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Chemical Study ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Enzyme Synthesis ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Good Representation ◽  
Independent Events

A strain of Bacterium lactis aerogenes giving normal growth when inoculated from bouillon into a standard glucose-phosphate-ammonium sulphate medium yields many long snake-like forms when inoculated into a similar medium with a much lower glucose concentration. The size distribution in the cultures giving the snake-forms is quite different from normal, and is represented by the equation n l = n exp ( — l/l̄ ), where n l is the number of cells of length greater than l, n is the total number and l̄ is the mean length. This holds well over most of the range but does not take into account an occasional excess, in the later stages of growth, of exceptionally long cells. This formula suggests that we are dealing with a condition where the cells elongate, but where division is delayed, and depends upon a favourable conjunction of certain independent events in the cell. (If the probability of division becomes too small, this law itself will break down.) During the growth cycle l̄ passes through a maximum and then decreases, most of the snake-forms disappearing again—though some occasionally persist in excess of expectation: these may be forms of low viability. A size coefficient, σ, is defined which gives a good representation of the abnormality of the appearance of the culture under the microscope, and serves to characterize the distribution of lengths. σ and l̄ decrease as the osmotic pressure of the medium is increased by the addition of salts or of erythrite. With successive passages of a culture through the ammonium sulphate medium the power to give the snake-forms shows a regular decline and is finally lost. It does not appear to be easily restored by several passages through bouillon. The tendency to give snake-forms is enhanced by one preliminary passage through a medium containing asparagine, but growth in an asparagine medium gives normal forms. Experiments on the effect of centrifuged medium from old cultures, of inoculum size and age, and of glucose concentration on σ and on the lag, taken in conjunction with previous work on the lag phase of Bact. lactis aerogenes , lead to the following hypothesis: Two separate factors L and D , one of which, L , is diffusible into the medium, the other, D , being probably retained by the cells, are responsible respectively for elongation and for division. D may be consumed or diluted in the process of division: and its formation may be accelerated or impeded by the presence of other substances in the medium. If the cells are transferred to a new medium, the rates of formation of L and D may be out of balance and snake-forms appear. Successive passages restore the balance by a process of ‘training’. The mechanism of the training is discussed in the light of a hypothesis in which a crude model of enzyme synthesis having certain analogies with crystal growth is used.

scholarly journals Malignant transformation of kissing nevus- a rare entity

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Sitaula Kharel ◽  
S Bhatta ◽  
G B Shrestha ◽  
J K Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Transformation ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Rare Entity ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Congenital Nevus ◽  
Pigmented Lesion ◽  
Nodular Lesions ◽  
Upper Lid ◽  
Slow Growth Phase

Background: Kissing nevus is a congenital nevus in adjacent parts of the eyelids. Malignant transformation of kissing or divided nevi of the eyelids is rarely described. Objective: To report a very rare case of malignant transformation of kissing nevus with ocular and extraocular spread. Case: A 57- year- old man with 6/6 visual acuity in both eyes presented with a kissing nevus present since birth in right upper and lower eyelids which had a slow growth phase. The upper lid in the area of the nevus was thickened with a 20x12x15 mm black pigmented crusted hemorrhagic nodular lesions. The lower lid had a 6 mm black pigmented ulcerated lesion over the pre-existing nevus in the lateral third of the lid with full thickness infiltration. Another 5x4 mm pigmented lesion over the lower medial lid margin with a thickness of about 3 mm extended to the conjunctival side of the lower lid. Right sided pre-auricular and submaxillary nodes were palpable. A biopsy of tissue samples from the eyelid and pre-auricular nodes were consistent with malignant melanoma.Conclusion: Malignant transformation of kissing nevus is rare. It can spread to the conjunctiva, pre-auricular and sub-mandibular lymphnodes.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v4i2.6555 Nepal J Ophthalmol 2012; 4 (2): 329-332  

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