Growth and senescence of the grape berry*

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 939 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Hale
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Berry Development ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Slow Growth Phase

Benzothiazole-2-oxyacetic acid (BTOA) was applied to bunches of grapes (Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz) at different times during their development and its effect on their subsequent growth was followed by measuring changes in berry weight, reducing sugars, malate, and tartrate. It lengthened the slow growth phase of berry development and this delayed ripening. It had no effect on the course of the first or second rapid growth stages. Greatest response to a single application was obtained when BTOA was applied at the end of the first growth stage or during the first week of the lag phase. Two and three applications made at 2-weekly intervals lengthened the lag phase more than a single application. During the prolonged lag phase malate continued to increase and reached a higher maximum than in untreated grapes. No consistent effect of BTOA on the tartrate content of grapes was apparent. The response of grapes to treatment with BTOA and other auxins is discussed in relation to growth and senescence of the grape berry. * This work was initiated at the Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, S.A. 5064, Australia.

Development of the grape berry. I. Effects of time of flowering and competition

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
BG Coombe
Keyword(s):  
Slow Growth ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Volume Increase ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Solute Accumulation ◽  
Accumulation Phase ◽  
Slow Growth Phase

In an experiment on field-grown Vitis vinifera cv. Muscat Gordo Blanco, six times of flowering were established by using early and late developers amongst primary and secondary bunches on winter- and spring-pruned vines. Repeated measurements of the diameters of marked berries and of refraction (�Brix) of the juice of sampled berries were used to calculate berry volume and weight of solutes per berry. In a second experiment the effect of competition between bunches was tested by thinning. The volume-time curves were similar until 25 days after flowering, after which they diverged markedly. The chief reasons for divergence were the different rates and timing of deceleration during the first growth cycle, and the different lengths of the slow growth phase: berries from late flowers decelerated quickly but had a prolonged lag phase. Some, though not all, of these effects could be attributed to competition between bunches on the same vine. The inceptions of the solute accumulation phase and of the second growth cycle were coincident within treatments. The rates of increase in �Brix were uniform between treatments, despite large differences in berry volume increase. Solutes per berry increased linearly for 40 or more days, but at diverse rates that were influenced chiefly by the rate of volume increase in the second growth cycle. In some cases, solutes per berry continued to increase after berries had stopped growing. Temperature summations over the interval from flowering to 17�Brix were not constant.

scholarly journals Effect of Growth Stage on Susceptibility of Grape Berry and Rachis Tissues to Infection by Phomopsis viticola

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Erincik ◽  
L. V. Madden ◽  
D. C. Ferree ◽  
M. A. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Phomopsis Viticola ◽  
Over Time

Intact ‘Seyval’ grape clusters in the greenhouse and ‘Catawba’ clusters in the field were inoculated with conidia of Phomopsis viticola at seven Eichorn-Lorenz growth stages between 12 (prebloom) and 35 (véraison) in 1998. Five pots (10 clusters) were used per inoculation, and the experiment was repeated three times. Also, 10 to 20 randomly selected Catawba clusters were inoculated in the field for each of three replications at each growth stage. Studies were repeated in 1999. In addition, Chambourcin clusters were also inoculated at four growth stages in the greenhouse in 1999. Results obtained in the greenhouse and field during both years and for all cultivars indicate that berry and rachis infections can occur at all growth stages between 12 and 35 with no evidence of decreasing susceptibility over time. Results disagree with some literature reports that indicate that berry infection occurs primarily during bloom and shortly after bloom, and susceptibility decreases as fruit matures.

Evaluating the double knockdown technique: sequence, application interval, and annual ryegrass growth stage

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine P. Borger ◽  
Abul Hashem
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Application Time ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
The Difference

Applying glyphosate followed by a mixture of paraquat + diquat in the same season for pre-planting weed control may reduce the risk of developing resistance to either herbicide. Glasshouse and field experiments at Merredin and Beverly, Western Australia, were conducted over 2 seasons to determine the best herbicide application sequence, growth stage of annual ryegrass at which to apply the 2 herbicides, and application time and interval to be allowed between applications for optimum control of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.). Annual ryegrass plants were treated at 3 growth stages with either glyphosate 540 g a.i./ha alone, paraquat + diquat 250 g a.i./ha alone, glyphosate followed by paraquat + diquat 250 g a.i./ha, or paraquat + diquat 250 g a.i./ha followed by glyphosate 540 g a.i./ha (the double knockdown treatment). The herbicides were applied at different times of the day, with varied intervals between herbicides when applied in sequence. The glasshouse experiment showed that herbicides in sequence more effectively killed annual ryegrass plants at the 3–6-leaf stage than a single application of either herbicide. Field experiments showed that applying glyphosate followed by paraquat + diquat provided 98–100% control of annual ryegrass plants when applied at the 3- or 6-leaf stage in 2002 and at all 3 growth stages in 2003. Generally, the sequence of paraquat + diquat followed by glyphosate was less effective than the reverse sequence, although the difference was not large. Averaged over 2 seasons, herbicides in sequence were most effective when the first herbicide was applied at the 3- or 6-leaf stage of annual ryegrass. An interval of 2–10 days between applications of herbicides was more effective than 1 day or less. The application time did not significantly affect the efficacy of double knockdown herbicides on annual ryegrass plants under field conditions.

The effects of sequential inoculation of mixed rumen protozoa on the degradation of orchard grass cell walls by anaerobic fungus Anaeromyces mucronatus 543

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 754-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung S Lee ◽  
Jong K Ha ◽  
K -J Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
Rumen Protozoa

The effects of protozoa on the degradation of plant cell walls (CW) during different growth stages of the fungus Anaeromyces mucronatus have been investigated. Since fungi show a marked lag in their in vitro cultures and many protozoa rapidly die during a prolonged incubation time, the effects of protozoa may vary according to the growth phase of the fungi. Therefore, the approach adopted was (i) to inoculate CW with fungus monoculture, (ii) to inoculate CW with fungus-protozoa coculture, or (iii) to sequentially inoculate fungal cultures that had been grown in CW for 24 (initial stage of growth), 48, and 72 h (late stage of growth) with mixed protozoa. When a fungus was associated with protozoa, a growth phase dependent effect was observed. Ruminal protozoa adversely affected the growth and activity when introduced in the initial growth stage of A. mucronatus, but a synergetic interaction was detected when added to late growth stage cultures. Although there is no immediate explanation for these results, the data suggested that protozoa can engulf the fungal zoospores, which are in ruminal fluids and (or) attached to small feed particles, but cannot engulf the fungal thallus that is tightly attached to feed particles by a rhizoidal system. Our data indicated that the protozoa did not influence cellulolysis by the fungi in exponential and (or) stationary phase, but they had a marked inhibitory effect on fungi that were in lag phase. Inhibition during lag phase could result from the protozoal predation of fungal zoospores that had failed to attach to substrates.Key words: rumen fungi, rumen protozoa, cellulose digestion, cellulase activity, interactions.

Response of Asiatic Dayflower (Commelina communis) to Glyphosate and Alternatives in Soybean

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago M. Ulloa ◽  
Micheal D. K. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
Early Growth Stage ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Corn Plants

Asiatic dayflower has recently become a troublesome weed in eastern Iowa. This weed demonstrates an extended emergence period and there is anecdotal evidence of glyphosate tolerance. Thus, Asiatic dayflower is difficult to manage in glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn and soybean. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of Asiatic dayflower to glyphosate applied at different rates and growth stages. Field research was conducted in 2005 and 2006 to evaluate different herbicides for Asiatic dayflower control in soybean. PRE herbicides were applied at planting and POST herbicides were applied 21 and 42 d after planting (DAP). In addition, shikimate accumulation in response to glyphosate was compared among Asiatic dayflower and GR and non-GR corn and soybean. Under greenhouse conditions, a single application of glyphosate (0.84 kg ae ha−1) did not control Asiatic dayflower. Only the highest rate evaluated, 13.44 kg ae ha−1 (16X), was lethal to Asiatic dayflower. Even when applied at an early growth stage (two leaves) and using high rates (3.36 kg ae ha−1), glyphosate controlled Asiatic dayflower just 28%. In the field, metribuzin and KIH-485 controlled Asiatic dayflower 80 and 73%, respectively. Early POST applications (21 DAP) of cloransulam or lactofen controlled Asiatic dayflower 80 and 67%, respectively. A single glyphosate application of 0.86 kg ae ha−1 controlled Asiatic dayflower approximately 50%. Glyphosate-treated Asiatic dayflower and non-GR corn and soybeans accumulated shikimate after application. GR corn and soybeans did not accumulate shikimate in response to glyphosate. Twenty-one days after treatment, all the non-GR soybean and corn plants died; however, Asiatic dayflower plants survived.

Resistance of Enlist™ (AAD-12) Cotton to Glufosinate

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bo Braxton ◽  
John S. Richburg ◽  
Alan C. York ◽  
A. Stanley Culpepper ◽  
Robert A. Haygood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Single Application

Enlist™ cotton contains the aad-12 and pat genes that confer resistance to 2,4-D and glufosinate, respectively. Thirty-three field trials were conducted focused on Enlist cotton injury from glufosinate as affected by cotton growth stage, application rate, and single or sequential applications. Maximum injury from a single application of typical 1X (542 g ae ha-1) and 2X use rates was 3 and 13%, respectively, regardless of growth stage. Injury from sequential applications of 1X or 2X rates was equivalent to single applications. Similar injury was observed with four commercial formulations of glufosinate. Cotton yield was never affected by glufosinate. This research demonstrates Enlist™ cotton has robust resistance to glufosinate at rates at least twice the typical use rate when applied once or twice at growth stages ranging from 2 to 12 leaves.

scholarly journals Growth and Developmental Responses of Seeded and Seedless Grape Berries to Shoot Girdling

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuren Zhang ◽  
Guoguang Luo ◽  
Ronghui Wang ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
David G. Himelrick
Keyword(s):  
Slow Growth ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Zeatin Riboside ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Seedless Grape

The relationship of assimilate supply to grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry growth and development was studied with a seeded (`Kyoho') and a seedless (`Seedless Wuhehong') cultivar. A single shoot girdling between the second and third nodes below the basal cluster at the end of Stage I of berry growth shortened Stage II (the lag phase) of `Kyoho' grape berries by 10 days, and eliminated Stage II in `Seedless Wuhehong' grape berries. Double shoot girdling between the second and third nodes below the basal cluster and above the upper cluster, respectively, at the same time at the end of Stage I, advanced Stage II by 3 days in both cultivars. Normal accumulation of dry weight in the `Kyoho' grape berry is in a double sigmoidal pattern, but it became a single sigmoidal pattern in response to a single basal girdling. The highest percent moisture in berries was at 20 days after full bloom. Rapid changes in berry pectin substances lagged behind those of soluble solids and titratable acidity, and behind the onset of berry softening at veraison in `Kyoho', but not in `Seedless Wuhehong', for which the three processes were concurrent. It is suggested that the slow growth of the berries during Stage II is a result of a decrease in the rate of water accumulation on a whole berry basis and a decrease in accumulation of dry matter in the skin and flesh (pericarp) due to assimilate competition within grapevines and within berries. The relationships between levels of endogenous hormones (IAA, GA3, zeatin, zeatin riboside, and ABA) and berry growth were also studied with `Kyoho' grapes. The results showed that the slow growth of grape berries during Stage II was associated with assimilate competition between the skin-flesh (pericarp) and seeds, and with peak shifts of concentrations of IAA, GA3, zeatin and zeatin riboside. Changes in ABA levels were closely associated with ripening and senescence during late Stage III.

scholarly journals Growth Stages Classification of Potato Crop Based on Analysis of Spectral Response and Variables Optimization

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Liu ◽  
Ruomei Zhao ◽  
Lang Qiao ◽  
Yao Zhang ◽  
Minzan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Spectral Response ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Potato Field ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Svm Model ◽  
Selection Algorithms ◽  
Potato Crops

Potato is the world’s fourth-largest food crop, following rice, wheat, and maize. Unlike other crops, it is a typical root crop with a special growth cycle pattern and underground tubers, which makes it harder to track the progress of potatoes and to provide automated crop management. The classification of growth stages has great significance for right time management in the potato field. This paper aims to study how to classify the growth stage of potato crops accurately on the basis of spectroscopy technology. To develop a classification model that monitors the growth stage of potato crops, the field experiments were conducted at the tillering stage (S1), tuber formation stage (S2), tuber bulking stage (S3), and tuber maturation stage (S4), respectively. After spectral data pre-processing, the dynamic changes in chlorophyll content and spectral response during growth were analyzed. A classification model was then established using the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm based on spectral bands and the wavelet coefficients obtained from the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) of reflectance spectra. The spectral variables, which include sensitive spectral bands and feature wavelet coefficients, were optimized using three selection algorithms to improve the classification performance of the model. The selection algorithms include correlation analysis (CA), the successive projection algorithm (SPA), and the random frog (RF) algorithm. The model results were used to compare the performance of various methods. The CWT-SPA-SVM model exhibited excellent performance. The classification accuracies on the training set (Atrain) and the test set (Atest) were respectively 100% and 97.37%, demonstrating the good classification capability of the model. The difference between the Atrain and accuracy of cross-validation (Acv) was 1%, which showed that the model has good stability. Therefore, the CWT-SPA-SVM model can be used to classify the growth stages of potato crops accurately. This study provides an important support method for the classification of growth stages in the potato field.

scholarly journals Effect of Herbicides on the Management of the Invasive Weed Solanum rostratum Dunal (Solanaceae)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
Jackline Abu-Nassar ◽  
Maor Matzrafi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Solanum Rostratum ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Chemical Solutions ◽  
Late Growth

Solanum rostratum Dunal is an invasive weed species that invaded Israel in the 1950s. The weed appears in several germination flashes, from early spring until late summer. Recently, an increase in its distribution range was observed, alongside the identification of new populations in the northern part of Israel. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of herbicide application for the control of S. rostratum using two field populations originated from the Golan Heights and the Jezreel Valley. While minor differences in herbicide efficacy were recorded between populations, plant growth stage had a significant effect on herbicide response. Carfentrazone-ethyl was found to be highly effective in controlling plants at both early and late growth stages. Metribuzin, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen and tembutrione showed reduced efficacy when applied at later growth stage (8–9 cm height), as compared to the application at an early growth stage (4–5 cm height). Tank mixes of oxadiazon and oxyfluorfen with different concentrations of surfactant improved later growth stage plant control. Taken together, our study highlights several herbicides that can improve weed control and may be used as chemical solutions alongside diversified crop rotation options. Thus, they may aid in preventing the spread and further buildup of S. rostratum field populations.

Fungicide efficacy on tar spot and yield of corn in the Midwestern United States

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darcy E. P. Telenko ◽  
Martin I. Chilvers ◽  
Adam Byrne ◽  
Jill Check ◽  
Camila Rocco Da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Corn Belt ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Midwestern United States ◽  
Tar Spot ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Foliar Fungicide

Tar spot of corn caused by Phyllachora maydis has recently led to significant yield losses in the eastern corn belt of the Midwestern United States. Foliar fungicides containing quinone outside inhibitors(QoI), demethylation inhibitors(DMI), and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors(SDHI) are commonly used to manage foliar diseases in corn. To mitigate the losses from tar spot thirteen foliar fungicides containing single or multiple modes of action (MOA/FRAC groups) were applied at their recommended rates in a single application at the standard tassel/silk growth stage timing to evaluate their efficacy against tar spot in a total of eight field trials in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin during 2019 and 2020. The single MOA fungicides included either a QoI or DMI. The dual MOA fungicides included a DMI with either a QoI or SDHI, and fungicides containing three MOAs included a QoI, DMI, and SDHI. Tar spot severity estimated as the percentage of leaf area covered by P. maydis stroma of the non-treated control at dent growth stage ranged from 1.6 to 23.3% on the ear leaf. Averaged across eight field trials all foliar fungicide treatments reduced tar spot severity, but only prothioconazole+trifloxystrobin, mefentrifluconazole+pyraclostrobin+fluxapyroxad, and mefentrifluconazole+pyraclostrobin significantly increased yield over the non-treated control. When comparing fungicide treatments by the number of MOAs foliar fungicide products that had two or three MOAs decreased tar spot severity over not treating and products with one MOA. The fungicide group that contained all three MOAs significantly increased yield over not treating with a fungicide or using a single MOA.

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