Regrowth and flowering in sweet orange after pruning

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
GI Moss
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Practical Investigations ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Growth Cycles ◽  
The Third ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Subsequent Flowering ◽  
Orange Trees ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Cool Conditions

Sweet orange trees, cv. Late Valencia, 6 m in height were moderately pruned in the spring of 1969, up to 8 % of the canopy being removed. Over 2 years, three or four growth cycles were completed. The amount of regrowth was correlated with the size of the first growth cycle flush after pruning, and this was correlated with the diameter of the pruned branch. No flowers were found on regrowths 1 year after pruning; only 75% of regrowths produced flowers 2 years after pruning, and only 50 % produced fruit. Small plants (rooted cuttings) were used to investigate pruning responses in the phytotron. Low temperatures (18/13�C) immediately after pruning for 8 weeks resulted in smaller first growth cycle flushes after pruning, and even after transfer to warm (27/22�) conditions the original height was not regained after three growth cycles. Plants that received cool conditions after the first or second growth cycles regained their original height after the third growth cycle. The amount of regrowth was correlated with the length of the first growth cycle flushes, which was correlated with the original height of the plants and the height after pruning. Flowers could not be induced on the old wood after pruning or on the first growth cycle flushes, and only few flowers were formed in the second growth cycle flushes. Many inflorescences were produced on third growth cycle flushes following inductive conditions (18/13�C) for 8 weeks. Light pruning of less vigorous plants did not inhibit subsequent flowering. The practical implications of this work are discussed. Moderate pruning will remove part of two crops, not one, because of the inability of regrowth flushes to flower until several growth cycles have formed. The tree relatively quickly replaces the growth removed, and this depends on the vigour of the first growth cycle flushes after pruning. Pruning in autumn or winter would be expected to result in less vigorous regrowth. Our lack of knowledge on the pruning responses of orange trees is emphasized, with suggestions for future practical investigations.

scholarly journals THE ANALYSIS OF THE GROWTH OF THE NORMAL WHITE MOUSE INTO ITS CONSTITUENT PROCESSES

1926 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 463-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Brailsford Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Velocity ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
White Mouse ◽  
Growth Cycles ◽  
Velocity Constant ◽  
The Third ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Autocatalytic Growth

1. The several growth-cycles which are distinguishable in the growth of an animal or plant are mutually independent in that they do not share a common catalyser. 2. The growth of the white mouse has been shown to consist of three autocatalytic processes and one "linear process" of weight-accretion. The parameters of these processes have been evaluated for one strain and generation of mice. 3. The first and most extensive autocatalytic process is asymmetrical, being defined by an equation of the type: See PDF for Equation The second and third cycles, which are more rapid and do not begin to affect the growth of the animal until a later stage of development, are symmetrical, being defined by equations of the type: See PDF for Equation 4. The amplitude of the first autocatalytic growth-cycle in the mouse is almost the same in males and females, but the moment of maximum growth-velocity in the female anticipates that in the male, the velocity constant is smaller in the female, and the asymmetry estimated by the magnitude of the constant B, is greater in the female than in the male. 5. The amplitude of the second cycle is almost the same in males and females, but data are as yet lacking which would enable us to ascertain whether the velocity-constant and moments of maximum growth-velocity in this cycle differ in the two sexes or not. 6. The amplitude of the third cycle is much less in the female than in the male, and this difference of amplitude almost wholly accounts for the difference of adult weight in the two sexes. The velocity-constant of the third cycle is, however, greater in the female than in the male. Maximum growth velocity due to this cycle is attained at very nearly the same age in both sexes. 7. The origin of asymmetry in autocatalytic growth-processes is discussed. It is pointed out that asymmetry might originate in a progressive diminution of the velocity-constant. If this is the origin of the asymmetry of the first growth-cycle in the mouse, then it is shown that the velocity constant of autocatalysis in this cycle must be very nearly proportional to the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, as estimated by the chemical method of Le Breton and Schaeffer. 8. It is pointed out that no reliable measure of senescent loss of weight is available at present. It is shown that removal or decay of those conditions which initially maintain the separability of the growth-cycles which collectively constitute the growth of the white mouse would necessarily result in loss of weight.

Early family selection in jack pine

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Carter ◽  
G. W. Adams ◽  
M. S. Greenwood ◽  
P. Nitschke
Keyword(s):  
Field Tests ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Family Selection ◽  
Growth Cycles ◽  
Accelerate Growth ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Natural Photoperiod ◽  
Early Family

Twenty open-pollinated families of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) were grown for 16 to 21 months in two different greenhouse regimes, one providing an extended growing season with natural photoperiod and one employing control of temperature and photoperiod to accelerate growth cycles. Height measurements during and at the end of greenhouse growth were compared with height of 7-year-old seedlings of the same families growing in field tests. For both greenhouse regimes, height at the end of the second growth cycle was positively correlated with 7-year field height. Greenhouse measurements correctly classified the majority of families into upper and lower groups based on field heights. Early family selection in jack pine appears to have applications in long-term breeding strategies.

Optimal trade-in and third-party collection authorization strategies under trade-in subsidy policy

Kybernetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 854-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaiying Cao ◽  
Qiushi Bo ◽  
Yi He
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Subsidy Policy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Third ◽  
Optimal Decisions ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to study whether the recycling of a third party competes with the trade-in service of a manufacturer, and explores the optimal trade-in and third-party collection authorization strategies for the manufacturer. Design/methodology/approach According to whether to authorize a third party to collect its used products, the manufacturer has two choices: one is not authorization (NA); the other is authorization (A). This paper uses profit-maximization model to investigate the optimal decisions of the manufacturer and the third party under NA and A, respectively, and then explores which choice is better for the manufacturer. Findings It is observed that there is a competition between trade-in service and third-party recycling when the durability parameter of the used product is relatively small. Moreover, when the durability parameter of the used product is relatively large, A is always better choice for the manufacturer; otherwise, NA is a better choice except for the case that the unit trade-in subsidy is low and the salvage of the used product is high. Practical implications These results provide managerial insights for the manufacturer and the third party to make decisions in the field of recycling. Originality/value This paper is among the first papers to study the competition between trade-in program and third party’s collecting program under government’s trade-in subsidy policy. Moreover, this paper presents the conditions under which the manufacturer should authorize or not authorize the third party to collect its used products.

scholarly journals First record of a Hop stunt viroid variant on Nagpur mandarin and Mosambi sweet orange trees on rough lemon and Rangpur lime rootstocks

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ramachandran ◽  
J. Agarwal ◽  
A. Roy ◽  
D. K. Ghosh ◽  
D. R. Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
First Record ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Stunt Viroid ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Hop Stunt Viroid ◽  
Orange Trees

Effect of frequency of copper applications on control of citrus canker and the yield of young bearing sweet orange trees

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Behlau ◽  
J. Belasque ◽  
J.H. Graham ◽  
R.P. Leite
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Orange Trees

Accumulation and Metabolism of Bromacil in Pineapple Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) and Cleopatra Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Jordan ◽  
W. A. Clerx
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Minor Metabolite ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Orange Trees ◽  
Conjugated Metabolites ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin

Young orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck ‘Pineapple sweet orange’] trees are more sensitive to bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil) than young mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco ‘Cleopatra mandarin’) trees. Pineapple sweet orange roots absorbed twice as much 14C from bromacil, and accumulated three times as much in the leaves, as did Cleopatra mandarin. The amount of conjugated metabolites formed was the same in the roots of the two cultivars, but twice as much formed in the leaves of Cleopatra mandarin as in the leaves of Pineapple sweet orange. The principle metabolite was 5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-hydroxymethyluracil; a minor metabolite was tentatively identified as 5-bromo-3-(3-hydroxyl-1-methylpropyl)-6-methyluracil. No 5-bromouracil was detected. Citrus cultivars differ in their ability to accumulate and metabolize bromacil into conjugated nonphytotoxic compounds.

Relative contribution of windbreak, copper sprays and leafminer control for citrus canker management and prevention of crop loss in sweet orange trees

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin Behlau ◽  
José Belasque Junior ◽  
RUI LEITE ◽  
Armando Bergamin-Filho ◽  
Tim Gottwald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Additional Contribution ◽  
Crop Losses ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Orange Trees

The management of citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, has been widely studied in endemic areas due to the importance of the disease in several citrus producing countries. A set of control measures is well-established, but no study has investigated the efficiency of each measure individually and their combination for disease suppression. This study comprised a 3-year field study to assess the relative contribution of three measures for the control of citrus canker and reduction of crop losses. Windbreak (Wb), copper sprays (Cu), and leafminer control (Lc) were assessed in eight different combinations in a split-split plot design. The orchard was composed of ‘Valencia’ sweet orange trees grafted onto ‘Rangpur’ lime. Casuarina cunninghamiana trees were used as Wb. Cu and Lc sprays were performed every 21 days throughout the year. Individually, Cu showed the highest contribution for canker control, followed by Wb. Lc had no effect on reducing citrus canker. Wb+Cu showed the highest efficiency for control of the disease. This combination reduced the incidence of diseased trees by ~60%, and the incidence of diseased leaves and fruit by ≥ 90% and increased the yield in 2.0 to 2.6-fold in comparison with the unmanaged plots. Cu sprays were important for reducing disease incidence and crop losses, whereas Wb had an additional contribution in minimizing the incidence of cankered, non-marketable fruit. The results indicated that the adoption of these measures of control may depend on the characteristics of the orchard and destination of the production.

scholarly journals People With Autism Spectrum Conditions Make More Consistent Decisions

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1067-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
George D. Farmer ◽  
Simon Baron-Cohen ◽  
William J. Skylark
Keyword(s):  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Autism Spectrum Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Contextual Stimuli ◽  
Practical Implications

People with autism spectrum conditions (ASC) show reduced sensitivity to contextual stimuli in many perceptual and cognitive tasks. We investigated whether this also applies to decision making by examining adult participants’ choices between pairs of consumer products that were presented with a third, less desirable “decoy” option. Participants’ preferences between the items in a given pair frequently switched when the third item in the set was changed, but this tendency was reduced among individuals with ASC, which indicated that their choices were more consistent and conventionally rational than those of control participants. A comparison of people who were drawn from the general population and who varied in their levels of autistic traits revealed a weaker version of the same effect. The reduced context sensitivity was not due to differences in noisy responding, and although the ASC group took longer to make their decisions, this did not account for the enhanced consistency of their choices. The results extend the characterization of autistic cognition as relatively context insensitive to a new domain, and have practical implications for socioeconomic behavior.

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