Effect of high intakes of sodium chloride on the utilization of a protein concentrate by sheep. I. Wool growth

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Hemsley
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Linseed Meal ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

Both the water intakes and wool growth rates of sheep fed on a high protein diet (37% crude protein), consisting mainly of linseed meal, were significantly increased when salt (c. 130 g sodium chloride per day) was given in both the food and drinking water. Offering the food once a day resulted in a higher wool growth response to salt (22%) as compared with offering the food at 3-hr intervals (14%). It is suggested that the effects of salt were due to reduced ruminal degradation of protein, which remained in the rumen for a shorter time than usual when salt was given.

Trichostrongylosis and wool growth. 2. The wool growth response of infected sheep to parenteral and duodenal cystine and cysteine supplementation

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (63) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
IA Barger ◽  
WH Southcott ◽  
VJ Williams
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Cysteine Hydrochloride ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Maintenance Ration

Two experiments are reported. In experiment 1, light infections with the intestinal nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis reduced wool growth of sheep by 42 per cent compared with pair-fed controls. There was no significant difference in wool growth between those sheep given a cystine supplement as an intraperitoneal pellet and those given a daily intra-duodenal injection of cystine, although cystine was poorly absorbed from the peritoneal cavity. In experiment 2, fifteen sheep were fed a maintenance ration and their wool growth rates defined. When six of the sheep were given a daily intra-duodenal drip containing 2 g cysteine hydrochloride, and six sheep were given the same drip intravenously, their wool growth rate increased by a mean of 33 per cent compared with the wool growth of the three untreated sheep, irrespective of the route of administration of the cysteine. Three sheep in each group of six were then lightly infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and the wool production of all sheep was measured in the presence and absence of the daily cysteine supplement via the two routes. The infection depressed wool growth, but did not influence the wool growth response to either route of cysteine supplementation. It was concluded that the reduced wool growth induced by trichostrongylosis could not be attributed to malabsorption of cysteine. Evidence was obtained that sheep resistant to Trichostrongylus colubriformis produced less wool when subjected to a larval challenge.

Effect of high intakes of sodium chloride on the utilization of a protein concentrate by sheep. II.* Digestion and absorption of organic matter and electrolytes

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 715 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Hemsley ◽  
JP Hogan ◽  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Linseed Meal ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Salt Treatment ◽  
High Salt Diet ◽  
Salt Diet ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
The Mean

The effects of the ingestion of large amounts of sodium chloride (c. 150 g/day) on digestion and absorption were examined in sheep offered a diet consisting of 89% linseed meal. Although water intake was increased by only 2 litres per day, the rate of flow of fluid from the rumen and digesta from the abomasum increased by 5–6 kg/day and the mean residence time of a soluble marker was reduced from 20 hr to 12 hr. Digestion of organic matter in the stomach was reduced by c. 24% but the reduction in protein digestion was only 10%. The concentrations of protozoa and selenomonads in the rumen were reduced by the salt treatment. Approximately 50% of the ingested sodium and chloride was absorbed from the stomach in sheep on the high salt diet, although levels of sodium and chloride in the rumen did not exceed those in the plasma. Osmotic pressures in the stomach fluids and in the plasma were elevated by the salt treatment, although levels of sodium in plasma were unaffected. Plasma chloride and potassium levels were both increased by the salt treatment. *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 26: 709 (1975)

Complementary grazing of native pasture and standing Townsville lucerne in the dry season at Katherine, NT

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (26) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJT Norman ◽  
GA Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Seasons

In an experiment at Katherine, N.T., in the 1964, 1965, and 1966 dry seasons, Shorthorn steers were grazed on varying proportions of native pasture and standing Townsville lucerne pasture. The treatments were : a native pasture alone ; b Townsville lucerne two days, native pasture five days ; c Townsville lucerne four days, native pasture three days ; d Townsville lucerne alone. Liveweight gain over 16 weeks, from early June to late September, was linearly related to the number of days in the week on Townsville lucerne (21 = -74.9 + 2 7 . 9 � 30.5, where! = gain in lb per head and x = number of days). The results were compared with earlier data from Katherine on dry season supplementation of cattle on native pasture with a high-protein concentrate. In terms of liveweight gain, a weekly fall in dry matter yield of Townsville lucerne of 100 lb per head was equivalent to the consumption of 0.5 lb per head per day of digestible crude protein in concentrate form. Of this quantity of legume, it appeared that approximately two-thirds was consumed and one-third wasted. Periodic sampling of the Townsville lucerne pastures confirmed earlier findings that cattle grazing standing Townsville lucerne in the dry season do not select for a high-protein diet. The pattern of liveweight gain on Townsville lucerne alone, with other evidence, suggested that they do select for a high-energy diet.

Trichostrongylosis and wool growth. 3. The wool growth response of resistant grazing sheep to larval challenge

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (73) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
IA Barger ◽  
WH Southcott
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Moderate Level ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
Growth Depression ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
Presence And Absence

Wool growth rates of grazing sheep that were resistant to infection with the intestinal nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis were measured in the presence and absence of a larval challenge. In one experiment, resistant sheep exposed to a moderate level of larval challenge grew 11 per cent less wool than unchallenged resistant sheep grazing the same paddock. A second experiment confirmed the previous results but showed that the magnitude of this wool growth depression did not depend on the severity of the challenge

Some relationships between wool production, nitrogen intake and digestible organic matter intake

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (78) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
GE Robards ◽  
DE Tribe ◽  
R Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

Two experiments are described in which the wool production of Merino wethers receiving roughage rations of varying quantity and average crude protein content was examined. The results support a hypothesis that wool growth response to supplementation of low quality roughage is more closely related to the total digestible organic matter intake than to the total nitrogen intake. The second experiment demonstrates that in the short term the efficiency with which dietary nutrients are used for wool production depends upon the direction of liveweight change of the sheep.

Utilization of clover diets by sheep. 2. Intake, digestion and utilization of nitrogen and sulfur

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 881 ◽  
Author(s):  
PT Doyle ◽  
CE McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Persian Clover

Nine mature Merino wethers were fed three clover diets at 95% of previously measured intake under steady state conditions. The diets were mature subterranean clover (MSC), green subterranean clover (GSC) and persian clover (PC). The utilization of dietary N and S was studied for each feed.The ratios of digestible organic matter (DOM) to crude protein (CP) in the diets ranged from 3.9 to 5.5 : 1. The flow of microbial crude protein (MCP) from the abomasum was only 34 g day-1 in sheep given MSC compared to 77 g day-1 for GSC and 85 g day-1 for PC. However, the calculated efficiencies of MCP synthesis were 230-250 g MCP per kg OM apparently digested in the rumen for the three clovers. Despite the similar efficiencies of MCP synthesis, the ammonia-N (30 mg l-1) and sulfide-S (220 8g l-1) concentrations in the rumen of sheep fed MSC were low. The concentrations for the the other clovers were ammonia-N 90-110 mg l-1 and sulfide-S 730-1770 8g l-1. The amount of CP apparently digested in the intestines (DCPi) was only 31 g day-1 in sheep given MSC compared to 100 g day-1 and 81 g-1 in those fed GSC and PC, respectively. While this indicates that protein insufficiency in the tissues may have limited the intake of MSC, the DCPi values per unit of DOM intake were 150,210 and 150 g kg DOM-1 for MSC, GSC and PC, respectively. Sheep excreted more N and S (% of intake) in faeces when given MSC compared to GSC or PC.The sheep were in positive apparent balance for N and S when fed GSC or PC, but were mobilizing these nutrients from tissues at the low intakes of DOM, N and S with MSC. The wool growth rates and amounts of N and S incorporated into wool when MSC was fed were about half the other two feeds.These results are discussed in relation to other work on the utilization of N and S by sheep and likely effects of this on the intake of the feeds.

CONCENTRADO PROTEICO OBTIDO DAS FOLHAS DE MANDIOCA (Manihot esculenta Crantz) DE TRÊS VARIEDADES COMERCIAIS.

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabel Aparecida Soares ◽  
Mauro Sérgio Téo ◽  
Carlise DEBASTIANI ◽  
Suzymeire BARONI ◽  
Vanessa Silva RETUCI
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
White Variety ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

O trabalho teve por objetivo verificar diferenças entre rendimento do concentrado proteico e proteína bruta da folha da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), obtidos a partir de três variedades comerciais: branca, cascuda e vermelha. As manivas foram plantadas seguindo o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Nas comparações entre as variedades, considerou coletas escalonadas pós-plantio, realizadas aos 12, 14 e 16 meses. O concentrado proteico foi obtido a partir da farinha das folhas inteiras e submetido ao método de termo - coagulação ácido e a proteína bruta pelo método padrão AOAC. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e comparados pelo teste de Tukey - 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados não indicaram diferença significativa entre as médias obtidas para rendimento de concentrado proteico. Para a variável porcentagem de proteína bruta a variedade Branca foi a que apresentou maior valor, com média de 46,25%, seguida pela Cascuda e Vermelha, 44,52% e 37,30%, sucessivamente. Conclui-se que outros estudos devem avaliar condições que possam influenciar no teor de proteína foliar, como clima e solo, e, avaliar os níveis de ácido cianídrico de cada variedade, indicando qual das três é a melhor para a extração do concentrado proteico das folhas. Palavras chaves: Manihot esculenta Crantz, variedades comerciais, concentrado proteico, proteína bruta. ABSTRACT: The study aimed to assess the differences between income protein concentrate, crude protein of cassava leaf (Manihot esculenta Crantz), obtained from three commercial varieties: white, red and cascuda. The cuttings were planted following the completely randomized design with three replications. Comparisons between the varieties considered after planting staggered collections, held on 12, 14 and 16 months. The protein concentrate was obtained from flour of whole sheets and subjected to the term method - acid coagulation and crude protein by AOAC standard method. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test - 5% probability. The results indicated no significant difference between the mean values obtained for protein concentrate income. For the variable percentage of crude protein White variety showed the highest, with an average of 46.25%, followed by cascuda and Red, 44.52% and 37.30%, successively. We conclude that further studies should evaluate conditions that may affect the leaf protein content, such as climate and soil, and evaluate the hydrocyanic acid levels of each variety, indicating which of the three is the best for the extraction of protein concentrate from leaves Key words: Manihot esculenta Crantz, commercial varieties, protein concentrate, crude protein.

Prediction of crude protein and neutral detergent fibre concentration in residues of in situ ruminal degradation of pasture samples by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1504 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Keim ◽  
H. Charles ◽  
D. Alomar
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Insufficient Amount ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Animal Feedstuffs

An important constraint of in situ degradability studies is the need to analyse a high number of samples and often with insufficient amount of residue, especially after the longer incubations of high-quality forages, that impede the study of more than one nutritional component. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been established as a reliable method for predicting composition of many entities, including forages and other animal feedstuffs. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of NIRS for predicting the crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentration in rumen incubation residues of permanent and sown temperate pastures in a vegetative stage. In situ residues (n = 236) from four swards were scanned for their visible-NIR spectra and analysed for CP and NDF. Selected equations developed by partial least-squares multivariate regression presented high coefficients of determination (CP = 0.99, NDF = 0.95) and low standard errors (CP = 4.17 g/kg, NDF = 7.91 g/kg) in cross-validation. These errors compare favourably to the average concentrations of CP and NDF (146.5 and 711.2 g/kg, respectively) and represent a low fraction of their standard deviation (CP = 38.2 g/kg, NDF = 34.4 g/kg). An external validation was not as successful, with R2 of 0.83 and 0.82 and a standard error of prediction of 14.8 and 15.2 g/kg, for CP and NDF, respectively. It is concluded that NIRS has the potential to predict CP and NDF of in situ incubation residues of leafy pastures typical of humid temperate zones, but more robust calibrations should be developed.

Supplementary feeding of Merino wethers grazing weed-free stubble pastures

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (110) ◽  
pp. 272 ◽  
Author(s):  
LG Butler
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Wheat Stubble

A field trial was conducted in the Wimmera region of Victoria to investigate the effect of several supplements on 4-year-old Merino wethers grazing a weed-free wheat stubble for 3 months, The four treatments were: a control (no supplement), urea/molasses block, 100 g/head day-1 of lupin grain, and 2 g urea plus 0.5 g Na2SO4 l-1 in the drinking water. Twenty sheep per treatment were used, and liveweight change and wool growth were measured. Although all groups lost weight, the lupin group lost only 0.5 kg per head over the 3 months of the trial, and was 3.8 kg heavier (P <0.01) than the control group, while the urea/molasses group was 2.2 kg heavier (P <0.01) than the control group. There was no effect of the urea plus sulfur supplement in the drinking water on liveweight or wool production. The urea/molasses block did not affect wool production but lupin grain stimulated wool production by 0.08 kg (P <0.05). The sheep were weighed and shorn four and a half months after the trial (August), during which time all groups grazed together on green feed. The experimental liveweight differences had disappeared, apparently due to compensatory growth. In addition, a digestibility trial was conducted in an attempt to explain some of the field results. The treatments were designed to simulate those used in the field. Lupin grain stimulated intake by 129 g day-1 (P <0.05) but had no effect on apparent digestibility of straw. The treatment simulating the urea/ molasses block (urea plus sulfur plus sucrose in the drinking water) stimulated intake by 159 g day-l (P <0.05) and tended to increase digestibility (P > 0.05). It was concluded that supplementary feeding of Merino wethers grazing weed-free stubble is unlikely to be an economic farm practice.

scholarly journals Nutritive value and metabolic effects of whey protein concentrate and hydrolysed lactose for growing pigs

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-238
Author(s):  
Matti Näsi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Whey Protein Concentrate ◽  
Protein Concentrate

In two digestibility and balance trials with growing pigs, whey protein concentrate (WPC) was compared as a protein supplement with casein (CAS) and dried skim milk (DSM), and, 30 % lactose (40 % dried whey, DW) was compared as a sugar supplement with the same amounts of hydrolysed lactose (HYLA) and sucrose (SUC). The effects of these supplements on protein and mineral metabolism of the pigs were investigated, WPC contained 42.2 % crude protein and had a high content of lysine, 8.6 g, and sulphur containing amino acids: cystine 2.8 and methionine 2.2g/16 g N, These exceeded the values for DSM. The hydrolysing degree of the enzymatically treated lactose syrup was 73 %. WPC had high crude protein digestibility, 99.1 % as compared to 95.4 for CAS and 95.0 % for DSM. Dried whey had low crude protein digestibility, 72.5 %. The amino acids in the WPC diet were highly digestible, but low values were obtained for the DW diet. On the WPC diet, nitrogen retention was higher than with the other protein supplements (P > 0.05), urinary urea excretion was low and the biological value very high. On a combination of WPC and HYLA protein utilisation was higher than on dried whole whey. On the diets supplemented with different sugars, none of the blood parameters differed statistically significantly (P > 0.05) and all values lay within the reference range. Water intake was on average 49 % greater on diets with sugar supplements than without. Urinary excretion of reducing sugars averaged 40.2, 8.3 and 6.6 g/d on the HYLA, SUC and DW diets, while on the diets without sugar supplements the values were 0.8—1.2 g/d. The following mean daily mineral retention values were obtained: P 4.0 g, Ca 5,9 g. Mg 0,4 g, Na 1.9g, K 2.9 g, Fe 27 mg, Cu 6.4 mg, Zn 65 mg and Mn 4.0 mg. The surplus Na and K on the DW diet were excreted in the urine and the pigs did not have diarrhoea.

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