Utilization of clover diets by sheep. 2. Intake, digestion and utilization of nitrogen and sulfur

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 881 ◽  
Author(s):  
PT Doyle ◽  
CE McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Persian Clover

Nine mature Merino wethers were fed three clover diets at 95% of previously measured intake under steady state conditions. The diets were mature subterranean clover (MSC), green subterranean clover (GSC) and persian clover (PC). The utilization of dietary N and S was studied for each feed.The ratios of digestible organic matter (DOM) to crude protein (CP) in the diets ranged from 3.9 to 5.5 : 1. The flow of microbial crude protein (MCP) from the abomasum was only 34 g day-1 in sheep given MSC compared to 77 g day-1 for GSC and 85 g day-1 for PC. However, the calculated efficiencies of MCP synthesis were 230-250 g MCP per kg OM apparently digested in the rumen for the three clovers. Despite the similar efficiencies of MCP synthesis, the ammonia-N (30 mg l-1) and sulfide-S (220 8g l-1) concentrations in the rumen of sheep fed MSC were low. The concentrations for the the other clovers were ammonia-N 90-110 mg l-1 and sulfide-S 730-1770 8g l-1. The amount of CP apparently digested in the intestines (DCPi) was only 31 g day-1 in sheep given MSC compared to 100 g day-1 and 81 g-1 in those fed GSC and PC, respectively. While this indicates that protein insufficiency in the tissues may have limited the intake of MSC, the DCPi values per unit of DOM intake were 150,210 and 150 g kg DOM-1 for MSC, GSC and PC, respectively. Sheep excreted more N and S (% of intake) in faeces when given MSC compared to GSC or PC.The sheep were in positive apparent balance for N and S when fed GSC or PC, but were mobilizing these nutrients from tissues at the low intakes of DOM, N and S with MSC. The wool growth rates and amounts of N and S incorporated into wool when MSC was fed were about half the other two feeds.These results are discussed in relation to other work on the utilization of N and S by sheep and likely effects of this on the intake of the feeds.

Factors associated with the rate of growth of clean wool on grazing sheep

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
HA Birrell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Growth Management ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Hourly Rate ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Grazing Period

In a grazing study that spanned 2.5 years, the rate of clean wool growth (Wi, g/day) in 4 week periods on Corriedale wether sheep was measured on each side of the animal with dyebands that were applied, alternately, at 2 week intervals. The observations (n = 224) on wool growth from 3 contiguous periods Wi = 1, 2 and 3 with the middle overlapping the other two periods, were related to either the daily rate of organic matter intake (OMI, g/day), the digestible organic matter intake (g DOMI/day), the hourly rate of OMI (IR, g OMI/h) or the hourly rate of digestible organic matter intake (DR, g DOMI/h) in linear or quadratic expressions. The intake data were collected every 4 weeks over the 3 days that correspond to days 6 to 8 of W1. The variance accounted for in each of W1, W2 and W3 increased in the order OMI<DOMI<IR<DR. DR accounted for 33.2% of the variance in W1 with a significant quadratic fit (P < 0.01) and 24.3% and 7.8% with linear fits against W2 and W3, respectively. A relationship that comprised five factors and accounted for 68% of the variance in W1 was developed by nonlinear regression. Three factors that were associated with nutritional aspects, the hourly rate of digestible organic matter intake (DR, g DOMI/h), the organic matter digestibility (OMD %) and the average organic matter intake in a grazing period (M, g OMI/grazing period) accounted for 54.9% of the variance in W1 while the other two factors that were associated with the physiological state of the animal, fleece-free liveweight change (C, g/day) and the fleece-free liveweight (L, kg) accounted for a further 13.1% of the variance of W1. The study suggests that factors associated with phenomena within a daily period may have important effects on wool growth. Management aspects are discussed.

Some relationships between wool production, nitrogen intake and digestible organic matter intake

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (78) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
GE Robards ◽  
DE Tribe ◽  
R Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

Two experiments are described in which the wool production of Merino wethers receiving roughage rations of varying quantity and average crude protein content was examined. The results support a hypothesis that wool growth response to supplementation of low quality roughage is more closely related to the total digestible organic matter intake than to the total nitrogen intake. The second experiment demonstrates that in the short term the efficiency with which dietary nutrients are used for wool production depends upon the direction of liveweight change of the sheep.

Mixtures of annual legumes and small-grained cereals for forage production under low rainfall

1989 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Droushiotis
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Legume Seed ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Triticale Line

SUMMARYTwo small-grained cereals, Mulga oats and a triticale line, and two legumes, local vetch and local peas, were grown in pure stands and in mixtures at various cereal: legume seed ratios (20:80, 40:60, 60:40 and 80:20) for three successive cropping years, 1981/82 to 1983/84, at Laxia and Dromolaxia, Cyprus, in each year.The cereal pure stands produced, on average, more dry matter, 8·40 t/ha, and more digestible organic matter, 4·12 t/ha, than the legume pure stands, 3·68 and 2·18 t/ha, respectively. On average, total dry matter production decreased linearly as the seed proportion of the legume component in the mixture increased. The proportion of the legume in the harvested material was much lower than expected from the seed ratios. The highest proportion of legume was seen in the mixtures of peas with triticale and ranged from 8·1 to 35·5% at the various sowing rates. Digestibility and crude protein content were highest in the mixtures of triticale and peas.

Stimulation of wool growth by thyroxine implantation. II. Feed intake of grazing Merino wethers treated repeatedly with thyroxine.

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 676 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Lambourne
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Substantial Rise ◽  
Stimulation Of

Estimates have been made of the feed intake of wethers that received implantations of 60 mg thyroxine every 3 months, and of untreated sheep, grazing together. The estimated intake of digestible organic matter (D.O.M.) by treated wethers was higher than that of controls in 24 out of 27 measurement periods. The difference in feed intake was least in the iirst month after implantation, when the treated sheep lost weight, and greatest in the second and third months when the treated sheep were regaining weight. The overall increase in intake resulting from thyroxine treatment (20–25%) was greater than the increase in wool production (7% greasy weight, 3-7 % clean weight), and the efficiency of wool production was therefore lower in thyroxinetreated wethers. From the relationships between feed intake and rate of weight change it was concluded that in the month after implantation, when pulse rates indicated a substantial rise in metabolic rate, the maintenance feed requirement was raised from about 560 g to about 780 g D.O.M. per day. Observations in two winters with recently shorn sheep gave estimates of maintenance requirements for untreated wethers ranging from 850 to 1300 g D.O.M. per day. During recovery from repeated thyroxine implantation the wethers gained in weight no more efficiently than the controls. The mechanism of action of exogenous thyroxine is discussed in the light of these and other data.

Effects of shelter, exposure and level of feeding over winter on the productivity of Welsh Mountain ewes and lambs

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. I. Robinson ◽  
W. Brown ◽  
I. A. M. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Outdoor Exposure ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Maintain Body Weight ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
Different Levels

SUMMARYPregnant Welsh Mountain ewes were kept over winter on a hill. All were penned individually, either in a shed or out of doors. In Experiments 1 and 2 different levels of digestible organic matter (DOM) were given in each environment and in Experiment 3 only a single level was offered. In Experiment 2 all ewes were grazed together after lambing; in Experiment 3 some from each treatment were moved to a shed after lambing and their milk yields recorded between 10 and 15 days later.In a fourth experiment on low land, pregnant ewes were either housed or kept in an exposed or a sheltered paddock. All were grazed together after lambing.The results indicated that the requirement of indoors penned sheep to maintain body weight and produce a single lamb is 9·5 g DOM/kg live weight per 24 hr at 16 weeks pre-partum, rising to 15·0 g DOM/kg live weight per 24 hr at 1 week pre-partum. A 10% weight loss during pregnancy would be expected in ewes receiving 75 to 80 % of these requirements. Low intakes during pregnancy reduced wool growth and lamb birth weights.Outdoor exposure reduced pre-partum ewe weight by about 1·5 kg, and so was equivalent to a 10% reduction in daily DOM intake. The magnitude of this effect was not changed significantly by level of feeding. Exposure did not affect wool growth and its influence on lamb birth weight and growth was variable.

Degradability of crude protein from clover herbages used in irrigated dairy production systems in northern Victoria

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Persian Clover ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
In Sacco

An in sacco (nylon bag) technique was used to estimate the degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein, and to estimate the effective rumen degradability of protein (ERDP), for 3 irrigated clover herbages. Pasture characteristics (nutritive values and leaf: stem ratios) were also described, and relationships to ERDP established. The nutritive value characteristics and degradabilities of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.), and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were also compared for various regrowth periods (of 3, 4, 6, and 12 weeks). Nutritive value characteristics of clover herbages varied from 9.9 to 11.9 MJ/kg DM for metabolisable energy, 153 to 304 g/kg DM for crude protein, and 209 to 377 g/kg DM for neutral detergent fibre. The leaf: stem ratio correlated well with the crude protein content of the clovers, with herbages consisting of more leaf generally having superior crude protein content (R2 = 0.64, P < 0.001). The effective rumen degradability of protein for clover herbages ranged from 60 g/kg DM for mature (12 week regrowth) subterranean clover to 195 g/kg DM for vegetative (3 weeks regrowth) Persian clover. For clover herbages with a 3-week regrowth period, after initial cutting to 5 cm, and at ruminal outflow rates of 0.08/h, the effective rumen degradability of protein varied from 136 to 195 g/kg DM. A positive relationship between crude protein and ERDP (R2 = 0.82) suggested that ERDP could be estimated for clover herbages that have been previously assessed for crude protein content, obviating the need for in sacco studies. Calculated degradabilities were lower for all clovers when higher ruminal outflow rates were assumed. Using the metabolisable protein system, metabolisable protein supply and metabolisable protein in excess of animal requirements were calculated. Ruminal losses of nitrogen were also estimated for cows consuming white clover of varying regrowth periods in both early and late lactation. It was concluded that metabolisable protein supply is unlikely to limit production in these examples. At regrowth periods of 3 weeks, metabolisable protein contributions from microbial and dietary sources were similar, and twice that required by the animal. Ruminal losses of nitrogen were substantial and amounted to 66—23% of nitrogen intake. In the experiments reported here, if all of the energy required to excrete excess protein (as urea) could instead be used for the production of milk, cows may have produced 0.5mp;mdash;2.0 kg more milk per day. Such losses could potentially be reduced if the protein content and/or degradabilities of clover herbages were reduced, and/or energy rich supplements were offered.

scholarly journals Dry matter yields and quality parameters of ten Napier grass (Cenchrus purpureus) genotypes at three locations in western Oromia, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
Abuye Tulu ◽  
Mekonnen Diribsa ◽  
Worku Temesgen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Nutrient Composition ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

Ten Napier grass genotypes (accessions) were assessed across 3 locations, Bako, Boneya Boshe and Gute, for forage dry matter (DM) yield, crude protein (CP) concentration, leaf:stem ratio, nutrient composition and digestibility characteristics during 2016 and 2017. The genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Mean DM yield was higher for accession ILRI 16804 across all locations followed by ILRI 16801 and ILRI 16800. Leaf:stem ratio, CP concentration and CP and digestible organic matter (OM) yields also varied significantly among genotypes with the highest values obtained for accession ILRI 16804 across all locations, followed by ILRI 16800 and ILRI 16801. Yields of DM, CP and digestible OM and leaf:stem ratio were higher at Boneya Boshe and Gute than at Bako and higher during 2017 than during 2016. The consistently superior performance of ILRI 16804, ILRI 16801 and ILRI 16800 in both years across the 3 sites suggests that these genotypes should be studied further on farms and in differing environments before being recommended for general cultivation in this area. Examining performance with more frequent harvests and feeding studies with livestock would confirm the benefits to be obtained from planting these new accessions.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE USE OF FOUR PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS BY WEST AFRICAN DWARF (WAD) SHEEP.

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-75
Author(s):  
A. A. TAIWO ◽  
E. A. ADEBOWALE ◽  
A. O. AKINSOYINU ◽  
J. F. D. GREENHALGH
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

Feedblocks, poultry manure diet, gliricidia: leucaena mixture (1:1 W/W) and maize offal diet were compared as sources of protein supplements for WAD sheep fed a basal diet of elephant grass hay (Pennisetum purpureum), through a 12-week performance and digestibility study. Dry matter and organic matter intakes (DMI, OMI) of the sheep were higher (P0.05) on the gliricidia: leucaena supplement than on the other diets. DMI on poultry manure and maize offal diets were not significant (P0.05). Organic matter intake (OMI) of the animals followed the same trend as DMI. Sheep fed legume supplements excelled in intakes of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (P>0.05). Intakes of CP and ADF by sheep on the other supplements were not significantly different (P>0.05). Sheep fed on feedblock supplement consumed the least amount. (P0.05) of NDF. Variations were observed in DM,OM, and NDF digestibilities by sheep on maize offal, poultry manure and legumes supplements. Crude protein digestibility in the legumes and feedblocks supplements was higher (P0.05) than with the other two supplements. All the sheep used gained weights but those on maize offa' diet recorded higher (P0.05). weight gain (86.57g) than those on browse leaves (59.40g), feedblocks (47.80g) and poultry manure (40.44g). Rumen pH was lower (P<0.05) on the gliricidia: leucaena supplement than on other diets. Total VFA recorded for sheep on maize offal diet and legumes supplements was higher (P<0.05) than for the other two supplements. Blood urea nitrogen of the supplements were not significantly different (P>0.05) 

scholarly journals Supplementation of grazing suckling beef calves receiving different energy sources

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 1527
Author(s):  
Josilaine Aparecida da Costa Lima ◽  
Mário Fonseca Paulino ◽  
Edenio Detmann ◽  
Luciana Navajas Rennó ◽  
Henrique Jorge Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
The Other ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different energy sources - corn, sorghum, and wheat bran - on performance, intake, digestibility, and nitrogen utilization efficiency of beef calves subjected to creep feeding. Thirty-four calves (12 males and 22 females) with initial age and weight of four months and 108±3.9 kg, respectively, were used in a randomized-block experimental design with four treatments and two blocks (males and females). Treatments were control (MM), a mineral mixture ad libitum; corn (C); corn + sorghum (C+S); and corn + sorghum + wheat bran (C+S+WB). Supplements contained approximately 20% crude protein (CP), and were fed in the amount of 0.5% of body weight. Supplemented animals had higher performance (P &lt; 0.05) when compared with those on treatment MM. Supplementation increased (P &lt; 0.05) the intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), digestible neutral detergent fiber (dNDF), and digestible organic matter (dOM). The digestibility of NFC was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the supplemented treatments. The C+S and C+S+WB treatments provided increased digestibility (P &lt; 0.05) of OM, CP, and NDFap. The synthesis of nitrogen compounds was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in animals on treatment C as compared with those on the other supplemented treatments. Animals on treatments C+S and C+S+WB had higher (P &lt; 0.05) nitrogen utilization efficiency compared with those on the other treatments. Concentrate supplementation improved the animal performance. The use of other energy sources (sorghum or wheat bran) in association with corn is recommended for suckling calves.

Influence of clipping regime and silage quality on the performance of pregnant and lactating ewes

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 55-55
Author(s):  
Heather J Black ◽  
D H B Chestnutt
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Silage Quality ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Additional Influence ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

Winter clipping of breeding ewes has given variable increases in lamb birth weight associated mainly with increased ewe voluntary food intake (Rutter, Laird and Broadbent, 1972; Vipond, King, Inglis and Hunter, 1987). The requirement for energy is greatest during the last six weeks of pregnancy but increasing uterine occupation of rumen volume may limit the ewe's ability to increase intake after clipping in late pregnancy. The additional influence of forage quality on intake after clipping is not clear. The present experiment was designed to study the independent and interacting effects of clipping regime and silage quality on lambing performance.Sixty Greyface ewes of uniform age were individually penned 14 weeks before lambing. Precision chop silage offered ad libitum was either early cut [188.3 g dry matter (DM)/kg, 155.7 g crude protein (CP)/kg DM, 740 g digestible organic matter (DOM)/kg DM] or late cut (184.5 g DM/kg, 100.9 g CP/kg DM, 689 g DOM/kg DM). For all treatments concentrate feeding was introduced 7 weeks before lambing, on an increasing scale to provide a total of 21 kg/ewe. Silage type was factorially arranged with 6 clipping regimes.

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