The effect of increased rectal temperature on nitrogen metabolism in Brahman cross and Shorthorn X Hereford steers fed on lucerne chaff

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Vercoe
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

A study was made of the effect on nitrogen metabolism of increasing the rectal temperature of Brahman cross and British steers on controlled feed intake. When the rectal temperature of the British steers was 1.3 °C higher than that of the Brahman cross steers, they excreted 13.5 g urinary nitrogen per day more than the Brahman cross. When the Brahman cross steers had a rectal temperature 1.3 °C higher than the British, they excreted 8.7 g urinary nitrogen per day more than the British steers. At the same nitrogen intake there was no significant breed difference in the increase in urinary nitrogen per degree rise in rectal temperature. Increasing the rectal temperature had a small effect on appetite but did not affect the apparent nitrogen digestibility; the concentration of nitrogen in the faecal dry matter was higher under the heat treatment. The ambient temperature at which rectal temperatures were increased by 1.3 °C was about 31°C for the British steers and 45° for the Brahman cross steers. At the increased rectal temperature the Brahman cross steers drank significantly more water than the British steers although faecal and urinary water losses were similar.

The effect of heat stress on growth and nitrogen metabolism in Friesian and F1 Brahman × Friesian heifers

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Kellaway ◽  
PJ Colditz
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Rna Concentration

Friesian and Brahman × Friesian (F1) heifers were kept in controlled environment rooms and given a high quality diet. Feed intake, growth and nitrogen metabolism were assessed during three periods of 21 days when the animals were maintained at 20, 30 or 38°C (68, 52 and 46% relative humidity respectively). The F1 animals were superior only under heat stress. Feed intakes and growth rates of Friesians and F1 animals were similar at 20°C. With each successive increase in temperature the feed intake and liveweight gain of Friesians were significantly reduced. With F1 animals the reductions were much smaller. Respiration rates and rectal temperatures of Friesians were higher than those for F1 animals at 30 and 38°C. Although the water intakes of Friesians were much higher than those of F1 animals under heat stress, the calculated evaporative water losses were similar. The efficiency of digestion in the two genotypes was similar at all temperatures. Friesians responded to increasing heat stress by increasing the nitrogen lost in urine and by decreasing nitrogen retention in relation to nitrogen intake. Similar trends for the F1 animals were much smaller. The reduction in nitrogen retention in Friesians was associated with a decrease in RNA concentration in muscle tissue and an increase in the excretion rate of creatinine.

Studies on goat nutrition Part I. Minimum protein requirement of goats for maintenance-endogenous urinary nitrogen and metabolic faecal nitrogen excretion studies

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Majumdar
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Endogenous Urinary Nitrogen ◽  
The One ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

1. EUN and MFN excretions have been determined in goats on a N-low ration and also on a N-free ration. The values obtained were,EUN = 0·052 g./kg. live weight andMFN = 0·41 g./100 g. dry-matter feed intake.2. The values so determined with the two feeding regimens, for both the EUN and MFN agreed very closely.3. The minimum protein requirement of goats for maintenance, as calculated from the EUN value, is 0·65 lb./1000 lb. live weight.4. The formula for calculating the utilizable protein requirement for this species is found to be P = 0·89. W0.734, and is almost identical with the one given by Mitchell.5. The usefulness of the above formula in predicting the EUN of immature goats is discussed.

Fat-tailed Awassi and German Mutton Merino sheep under semi-arid conditions: 3. Body temperatures and panting rate

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Degen
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Brain Temperature ◽  
External Auditory Meatus ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Semi Arid

SummaryRectal, external auditory meatus and skin temperatures and panting rates were measured in native fat-tailed Awassi and imported German Mutton Merino (GMM) sheep. The Awassi evolved under desert conditions, have a localized fat deposit, coarse carpet wool, long pendulous ears and long, spiral horns (males). In contrast, the GMM evolved under temperate conditions, have well-distributed fat, medium fine wool, short, straight ears and are polled. The study was carried out during the summer in the northern part of the Negev desert.The mean daily rectal temperature fluctuation was higher (P < 0·01) in the GMM than in the Awassi (1·78 °C v. 1·08 °C). The external auditory meatus temperature was lower than the rectal temperature by 1·5 °C in the GMM and by 1·7 °C in the Awassi, indicating a cooler brain temperature. The maximum skin temperature was similar to the maximum rectal temperature in both breeds, thus sweating was of little importance. The panting rate of the GMM increased fivefold (40·6–199·4 pants/min) whilst the rate of the Awassi increased fourfold (35·3–135·0 pants/min). There was no between-breed difference in either the rectal temperature or panting rate until 25–30 °C ambient temperature and it is thought that the higher rectal temperature of the GMM at this ambient temperature might have triggered off the higher panting rate. It seems that the GMM use panting to a greater extent than the Awassi whereas the Awassi dissipate heat through the skin more efficiently than the GMM. It is concluded that both breeds are thermostable, much of the between-breed difference in rectal temperature can be attributed to their anatomical differences.

The effect of increased rectal temperature on nitrogen metabolism in Brahman cross and Shorthorn × Hereford steers fed on a low nitrogen roughage

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Vercoe ◽  
JE Frisch
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
Low Nitrogen

A study was made of the effect of increasing the rectal temperature on nitrogen metabolism in Brahman cross and British cross steers offered a fixed amount of a low nitrogen roughage. Increasing the rectal temperature by c. 1.3�C in either breed slightly depressed intake, increased the dry matter digestibility by a small but statistically significant amount, and had no effect on the nitrogen digestibility. It did not significantly increase the urinary excretion of total nitrogen or urea nitrogen over the whole collection period, but over the last 5 days there were increases in the urinary total and urea nitrogen excreted per day which in most cases were significant. Increasing the rectal temperature significantly increased the urinary excretion of creatinine. The ambient temperature at which rectal temperatures were increased by 1.3�C was 35�C for the British cross steers and 43' for the Brahman cross steers. At the increased rectal temperature, the Brahman cross steers drank significantly more water than the British cross steers although faecal and urinary water losses were not significantly different. The calculated evaporative water loss was higher in the Brahman cross steers than in the British cross steers when both breeds were heated.

A relationship between thyroid activity, acetate infusion and food intake in rams

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-339
Author(s):  
B. E. A. Borhami ◽  
K. El-Shazly
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Thyroid Activity ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

SUMMARYSix mature rams were used in a 6 × 6 latin square experiment. They were put on a high concentrate ad lib. diet. Voluntary food intake was measured on the rams which received the following treatments: control, thiouracil, sodium acetate, thyroxine, sodium acetate plus thiouracil and sodium acetate plus thyroxine. Acetate was infused intraruminally at the level of 6·2 g/kg W0·75 per day for 4 successive days. Thyroxine was injected subcutaneously at the level of 0·3, 0·6, 0·9 and 0·9 mg/kg W0·75/day successively. Thiouracil was given orally as the propionyl derivative at a level of 0·03, 0·06, 0·06 and 0·06 g/kg W0·75/day successively.Respiration rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature were measured before and 1 h after dosing. A period of at least 25 days was allowed between the trials. All the results were calculated as feed intake (g dry matter)/kg W0·75.Injection of thyroxine, sodium acetate and both together inhibited food intake significantly. Thiouracil showed no significant effect on feed intake but it relieved part of the depression caused by acetate. Pulse rate showed significant differences between treatments but rectal temperature and respiration rate did not change significantly. The results are discussed in the text.

The effect of diet and heat stress on feed intake, growth, and nitrogen metabolism in Friesian, F1 Brahman × Friesian, and Brahman heifers

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 717 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Colditz ◽  
RC Kellaway
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
Superior Genotype ◽  
Quality Diet

Four Friesian, four F1 Brahman x Friesian, and four Brahman heifers were fed on high and low quality diets in controlled environment rooms. Feed intake, growth, and nitrogen metabolism were assessed during four periods of 28 days when the animals were either subjected to heat stress (38°C) or maintained under cool ambient conditions (17°).Brahman x Friesian animals were the superior genotype only under heat stress. At 17°C the feed intake and growth rate of Friesians and Brahman x Friesians were similar. At 38° the Brahman x Friesians ate more and grew faster than the Friesians. Brahmans ate less than the Brahman x Friesians at both temperatures and grew more slowly than them at 38°. Water intake per kilogram dry matter intake was greater for the Friesians than for the other two genotypes at 17 and 38°C. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates increased between 17 and 38°C; the change was greatest for the Friesians and least for the Brahmans. These responses were not significantly correlated with feed intake or growth rate. On the high quality diet the digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen were similar between genotypes. On the low quality diet they were higher for Friesians than for the other two genotypes, although this was confounded with differences in intake. The utilization of digested nitrogen differed between diets but was similar for the three genotypes within diets. The concentration of plasma creatinine was higher in Brahmans than in the other two genotypes. Creatinine excretion per unit of liveweight was greater at 38° than at 17°C for Friesians and Brahman x Friesians.

The development of ruminant digestion in the calf. II.* The digestion of barley and urea

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Flow ◽  
Apparent Absorption ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Wheat Chaff

Two Friesian calves were fitted with re-entrant cannulae in the duodenum and four Friesian calves were fitted with re-entrant cannulae in the duodenum and terminal ileum within 1 week of birth. At 35 days of age the calves were weaned from milk and offered a diet containing 72% barley, 3.5% urea and 15 % wheat chaff. Total collections of digesta flowing from the duodenum and ileum were made for 12 hr at weekly intervals for 6 weeks after weaning. Of the dry matter ingested, 26% was apparently digested in the stomach 1 week after weaning, 40% by 2 weeks after weaning and increasing to 51% by 6 weeks after weaning. The flow of nitrogen to the duodenum was greater than the nitrogen intake in the first week after weaning, and it gradually decreased to 83% of the nitrogen intake by 6 weeks after weaning. During this period the contribution of microbial nitrogen to the nitrogen flow increased from 28 to 71%. The apparent absorption of amino acids from the small intestine increased with increasing feed intake, but the uptake of methionine was less than the methionine requirement for growth. _________________ * Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 26: 1081 (1975).

scholarly journals Passion fruit by-product as a substitute for Tifton 85 hay in diets for dairy heifers

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 2719
Author(s):  
Mércia Regina Pereira de Figueiredo ◽  
Eloisa de Oliveira Simões Saliba ◽  
Geraldo Sérgio Senra Carneiro Barbosa ◽  
Filipe Aguiar e Silva ◽  
Cecília Ribeiro da Mota e Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Passiflora Edulis ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

This study was undertaken to examine the intake, nutrient digestibility, protein and energy balance and feeding behavior of dairy heifers fed diets in which Tifton 85 bermuda grass (Cynodon sp) hay was substituted by a passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) by-product. Sixteen Holstein × Zebu crossbred heifers with an average weight of 363.00 ± 27.7 kg were assigned to four treatments represented by diets in which levels of a passion fruit by-product (0, 12, 24 and 36%; dry matter basis) were added as a substitute for Tifton 85 bermuda grass. The intakes of crude protein and ether extract (P > 0.05) rose as the by-product was added to the diets. Nitrogen intake, absorbed nitrogen and urinary nitrogen also increased with the inclusion of the by-product. Passion fruit by-product can be included in diets for dairy heifers up to the level of 36%.

scholarly journals Nutrient intake and digestibility of selected browse plants fed in combination with Panicum maximum to West African dwarf (WAD) bucks

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-172
Author(s):  
U. Okah ◽  
E. A Antia
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
West African ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

A study was conducted to evaluate nutrient intake and digestibility of Panicum maximum fed in combination with selected browse plants to West African dwarf (WAD) bucks. Four intact West African dwarf (WAD) bucks of mean body weight 17.50kg were used to conduct digestibility study in a 4 x 4 Latin Square design experiment. Four forage combinations, diets A, B, C and D were fed to the goats. Diet A, the control, was 100% Panicum maximum, while diets B, C and D contained 60% Panicum maximum each plus 40% of Alchornea cordifolia, Manniophyton fulvum and Gmelina arborea, respectively. The study lasted 56 days in a 14-day x 4 change over periods. Data were collected on dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient intake and digestibility. Simple linear regression and correlation were used to assess the degree of relationship between some of the digestion components. The result of proximate analysis indicated that the diets (P. max + browse) B, C and D had significantly (p<0.05) higher dry matter (%DM) contents of 81.12, 81.09 and 80.68%, respectively, than the 75.71% for diet A (sole P.max). Crude protein content of 17.56, 15.62 and 17.52%, respectively were also higher (p<0.05) than the 8.38% for diet A. There was higher (p<0.05) ether extract content of 2.43, 2.38 and 2.32%, for diets B, C, and D, respectively than the 1.32% for diet A. The ash content of 10.71, 9.78 and 9.76% for diets B, C and D respectively, were also higher (p<0.05) than the 7.83% for diets A. Metabolizable energy (MJKg-1) values of 1.41, 1.42 and 1.42 for diets B, C and D were also higher (p<0.05) than the 1.31 for diet A. However, the crude fibre value of the diet A (27.26%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the 18.30, 19.30 and 18.58% for diets B, C and D. respectively. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in DMI among treatment means. Nitrogen intake (g/d) was significantly (p<0.05) higher for animals fed diets B(15.04), C(13.12 ) and D(14.48 ) wherein P.max was fed in combination with browse plants than in the diet A( 6.28) group fed sole P.max. Faecal nitrogen showed no significant (p>0.05) difference among treatment means. Urinary nitrogen was significantly (p<0.05) higher in diet A group (0.39) than in diets B (0.30), C (0.34) and D (0.43) groups. There was positive nitrogen balance for all in the treatment groups. Apparent nitrogen digestibility (%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in diets B (92.37), C (90.51) and D (91.63) groups than in diet A (79.49). Nitrogen intake(g/d) could not reliably predict faecal nitrogen (g/kgDM) in diets C and D groups. Absorbed 0.75 0.75 nitrogen (g/d/WKg 0.75 ) could not predict urinary nitrogen (g/d/WKg 0.75 ) in any of the diets. Biological value (BV) of the diets were A (55), B (45), C (81) and D (97). The result of this study shows that the animals fed P. max + browse recorded higher DMI, nutrient intake and digestibility than the sole P.max diet. These evaluation indices were, however, mostly better in the diet B group (60% P. maximum + 40% Alchornea cordifolia). The combination of 60% P. maximum + 40% Alchornea cordifolia is therefore recommended for West African dwarf (WAD) goats reared in the humid tropics of Nigeria for optimum intake and improved nutrient utilization.

Effects of restricted water on feed intake, nutrient utilization and nitrogen metabolism in Zebu cattle

1985 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. J. Ikhatua ◽  
O. W. Ehoche ◽  
J. E. Umoh
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Water Treatments

SUMMARYEighteen growing cattle with a mean live weight of 180 kg were used to study the influence of restricted water on feed intake, nutrient utilization and nitrogen metabolism in Zebu cattle in the Sudano–Sahelian ecological zone of Nigeria.Feed intake and water consumption were negatively correlated (r = 0·63). As the amount of water intake was reduced from 15·8 to 11·91/day, the mean feed intake increased from 5·6 to 6·8 kg D.M./day; water to feed ratios decreased from 2·83 to 1·75 and average daily live-weight gain as well as apparent feed utilization efficiency improved significantly from free-choice water to 50% of free-choice water treatments respectively.Apparent digestibility coefficients of almost all the nutrients from the 75 and 50% of free-choice water treatments indicated progressively higher (though not significant) values than those of the free-choice water treatment. Nitrogen metabolism did not indicate any difference in the nitrogen intake in any of the three treatments; however, nitrogen balance and nitrogen retained as a percentage of nitrogen intake were significantly (P < 0·05) higher on the 50% of free-choice water treatment.The survival ability of these Zebu breeds of cattle under water stress during the acute water scarcity of the protracted dry period of the Sudan–Sahelian zone of Nigeria could probably be attributed to increased recycling of nitrogen as well as a reduction in nitrogen loss during the period.

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