The effect of diet and heat stress on feed intake, growth, and nitrogen metabolism in Friesian, F1 Brahman × Friesian, and Brahman heifers

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 717 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Colditz ◽  
RC Kellaway
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
Superior Genotype ◽  
Quality Diet

Four Friesian, four F1 Brahman x Friesian, and four Brahman heifers were fed on high and low quality diets in controlled environment rooms. Feed intake, growth, and nitrogen metabolism were assessed during four periods of 28 days when the animals were either subjected to heat stress (38°C) or maintained under cool ambient conditions (17°).Brahman x Friesian animals were the superior genotype only under heat stress. At 17°C the feed intake and growth rate of Friesians and Brahman x Friesians were similar. At 38° the Brahman x Friesians ate more and grew faster than the Friesians. Brahmans ate less than the Brahman x Friesians at both temperatures and grew more slowly than them at 38°. Water intake per kilogram dry matter intake was greater for the Friesians than for the other two genotypes at 17 and 38°C. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates increased between 17 and 38°C; the change was greatest for the Friesians and least for the Brahmans. These responses were not significantly correlated with feed intake or growth rate. On the high quality diet the digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen were similar between genotypes. On the low quality diet they were higher for Friesians than for the other two genotypes, although this was confounded with differences in intake. The utilization of digested nitrogen differed between diets but was similar for the three genotypes within diets. The concentration of plasma creatinine was higher in Brahmans than in the other two genotypes. Creatinine excretion per unit of liveweight was greater at 38° than at 17°C for Friesians and Brahman x Friesians.

The effect of heat stress on growth and nitrogen metabolism in Friesian and F1 Brahman × Friesian heifers

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Kellaway ◽  
PJ Colditz
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Rna Concentration

Friesian and Brahman × Friesian (F1) heifers were kept in controlled environment rooms and given a high quality diet. Feed intake, growth and nitrogen metabolism were assessed during three periods of 21 days when the animals were maintained at 20, 30 or 38°C (68, 52 and 46% relative humidity respectively). The F1 animals were superior only under heat stress. Feed intakes and growth rates of Friesians and F1 animals were similar at 20°C. With each successive increase in temperature the feed intake and liveweight gain of Friesians were significantly reduced. With F1 animals the reductions were much smaller. Respiration rates and rectal temperatures of Friesians were higher than those for F1 animals at 30 and 38°C. Although the water intakes of Friesians were much higher than those of F1 animals under heat stress, the calculated evaporative water losses were similar. The efficiency of digestion in the two genotypes was similar at all temperatures. Friesians responded to increasing heat stress by increasing the nitrogen lost in urine and by decreasing nitrogen retention in relation to nitrogen intake. Similar trends for the F1 animals were much smaller. The reduction in nitrogen retention in Friesians was associated with a decrease in RNA concentration in muscle tissue and an increase in the excretion rate of creatinine.

The effect of increased rectal temperature on nitrogen metabolism in Brahman cross and Shorthorn X Hereford steers fed on lucerne chaff

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Vercoe
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

A study was made of the effect on nitrogen metabolism of increasing the rectal temperature of Brahman cross and British steers on controlled feed intake. When the rectal temperature of the British steers was 1.3 °C higher than that of the Brahman cross steers, they excreted 13.5 g urinary nitrogen per day more than the Brahman cross. When the Brahman cross steers had a rectal temperature 1.3 °C higher than the British, they excreted 8.7 g urinary nitrogen per day more than the British steers. At the same nitrogen intake there was no significant breed difference in the increase in urinary nitrogen per degree rise in rectal temperature. Increasing the rectal temperature had a small effect on appetite but did not affect the apparent nitrogen digestibility; the concentration of nitrogen in the faecal dry matter was higher under the heat treatment. The ambient temperature at which rectal temperatures were increased by 1.3 °C was about 31°C for the British steers and 45° for the Brahman cross steers. At the increased rectal temperature the Brahman cross steers drank significantly more water than the British steers although faecal and urinary water losses were similar.

Effects of cottonseed meal and cereal grain supplements on intake and utilisation of alkali-treated wheat straw by cattle

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 527
Author(s):  
JC Spragg ◽  
RC Kellaway ◽  
TJ Kempton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ad Libitum

Effects of cottonseed meal and cereal grain supplements on intake and utilisation of alkali-treated wheat straw were studied with 45 Friesian heifers (250 kg liveweight) in individual pens. Responses were measured in terms of feed intake and growth rate over 60 days. The basal diet fed ad libitum was coarsely milled wheat straw which was alkali-treated, sprayed with a solution containing urea, sulfur, copper and cobalt and sprinkled with dicalcium phosphate. Animals were also fed 800 g/day of 1 of 5 supplements: cottonseed meal (CSM), whole barley (WB), cracked barley (CB), ammonia-treated whole barley (NB) and extruded barley (EB). Intakes of the basal diet did not differ significantly between groups. Digestible organic matter in dry matter (%) was 53.1, 51.7, 47.2, 47.7, and 48.7 with supplements CSM, CB, WB, NB and EB, respectively; values for CSM and CB were significantly higher than for the other supplements (P< 0.05). Liveweight gains were 891,761,639, 657 and 784 g/day with the respective supplements, and did not differ significantly between CSM, CB and EB. We concluded that CSM did not stimulate intake of roughage more than supplements of barley grain, and that growth of the cattle was limited primarily by intake of energy.

An evaluation of the micronization process for preparing cereals for the growing pig. 3. A note on the effect of micronization temperature on the nutritive value of wheat

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. J. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Significant Depression ◽  
Conversion Study

SUMMARY1. In two experiments the nutritive value for the growing pig of wheat which had been micronized at temperatures of 155°, 190° or 220°C, flaked (rolled) and then ground was compared with wheat which had either been ground, or rolled and then ground.2. In the first experiment 60 pigs offered individually, restricted amounts of feed were used in a growth and efficiency of conversion study. In the second experiment 15 pigs were used in digestibility and nitrogen retention studies.3. The highest micronization temperature gave a significant depression in growth rate and in efficiency of conversion of dietary dry matter as compared with the other treatments for which there were no significant differences.

scholarly journals Measurement and Analyses of Growth and Stress Parameters of Viburnum odoratissimum (Ker-gawl) Grown in a Multi-pot Box System

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1445-1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suat Irmak ◽  
Dorota Z. Haman ◽  
Ayse Irmak ◽  
James W. Jones ◽  
Kenneth L. Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Crop Water Stress Index ◽  
Viburnum Odoratissimum ◽  
Marketable Size ◽  
Stress Parameters

Two colors (white and black) of a recently introduced irrigation-plant production system [multi-pot box system (MPBS)] for container-grown nurseries were researched and results were compared with those obtained from the sprinkler-irrigated conventional (control) system (CS). Experiments were carried out in summer and fall of 2001 in Gainesville, Fla. Plant growth [growth index (GI), growth rate (GR), and dry matter] and stress parameters [stomatal resistance (rs), crop water stress index (CWSI), plant water potential (PWP), and substrate temperature (ST)] were measured and analyzed for Viburnum odoratissimum (Ker-gawl). In both seasons, plants grown in the white MPBS had significantly higher GI and GR as compared to the plants in the black MPBS and CS. In summer, plants in the white MPBS reached marketable size about 17 days and 86 days earlier than those in the black MPBS and CS, respectively. In fall, they reached marketable size about 25 and 115 days earlier than those plants in the black MPBS and CS, respectively. Plants in the white and black MPBSs showed exponential growth rate in summer with plants in the white MPBS having significantly higher growth rate (greater slope) than the other two treatments. In both seasons, plants in the white MPBS produced the highest amount of dry matter. In general, plants in the white MPBS had lower rs values to vapor transport compared to the other two treatments, and the black MPBS treatment had lower rs values than the CS in both seasons. The CWSI values of the plants in both white and black MPBSs were significantly lower than the CS. In both seasons, ST in the black MPBS and CS exceeded the critical value of 40 °C several times. The ST of >40 °C is often reported to significantly reduce the plant growth and cause root death and/or injury for container-grown plants. Overall, the white MPBS provided a better environment for root development and plant growth under these experimental conditions. Results strongly suggest that there is a potential opportunity of using MPBS for irrigation and production of nursery plants. These important findings suggest that, in practice, producing nursery plants in a shorter period of time by using white MPBS will result in significant savings of energy, water, chemicals, and other inputs and thereby reducing the costs and increasing profits.

Nitrogen metabolism in sheep. I. The effect of protein and energy intake on the flow of digesta into the duodenum and on the digestion and absorption of nutrients

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz ◽  
PE Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur

The digestion of organic matter, nitrogen, and sulphur was measured in sheep fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulae. The sheep were given 1.4, about 16, or 30 g of nitrogen per 24 hr from barley roughage with or without a nitrogen supplement of lucerne, wheat gluten, or casein. A further diet supplied 16.1 g of nitrogen per day but consisted of 83 % low-quality roughage compared with 50% in the other diets. The flow of digesta to the duodenum varied from 4.4 to 6.8 1. per 24 hr with dry matter intakes of 480–800 g per 24 hr. The sheep were fed hourly and watered continuously, and there was a more than 10-fold variation in the flow of digesta to the duodenum over 2-hr collection periods. The digestibility of organic matter was lower for the diet supplying 1.4 g of nitrogen per day than for the other diets. Between 77 and 96 % of the apparent digestion of organic matter occurred before the duodenum. In the sheep given 1.4 g of nitrogen per 24 hr, the flow of nitrogen to the duodenum was 4.8 g per 24 hr, while in the sheep given about 16 g of nitrogen daily the flow of nitrogen to the duodenum was 8.4–11.8 g per 24 hr. Only 35 % of the dietary intake of nitrogen reached the duodenum in the sheep given 30 g of nitrogen daily. The sheep given the diet containing 83 % low-quality roughage showed a lower retention of nitrogen than those given the other diets of similar nitrogen content. Between I and 9 % of the flow of nitrogen to the duodenum was in the form of ammonia. The flow of sulphur to the duodenum was between 33 and 55% of the dietary intake, while 72-99% of the apparent digestion of sulphur occurred before the duodenum. The digestibility of dietary sulphate sulphur was greater than that of the sulphur found in lucerne.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary supplementation of astaxanthin (potent antioxidant) on growth rate, DMI, FCR and metabolic changes in Karan Fries heifers during heat stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-88
Author(s):  
SUNIL KUMAR ◽  
S.V. SINGH ◽  
S.C. BHAN
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Monthly Interval ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Summer Stress ◽  
Karan Fries

A study was conducted on twelve Karan Fries (Holstein Friesian X Tharparkar) heifers, (10-12 months), in LRC of NDRI, Karnal.Heifers were divided equally into two groups i.e. control, and treatment (supplemented with astaxanthin@ 0.25 mg per kgBW per day per animal) to assess the heat stress ameliorative action of astaxanthin during summer season. During experimental period, environmental variables were recorded and THI was calculated to assess levels of summer stress. Blood samples were collected from both the group of heifers at fortnightly interval for quantification of plasma leptin and ghrelin hormones.Body weights of heifers were recorded at monthly interval. The body weight gain and ADG were significantly (P  0.05) higher in treatment group. Feed intake was higher (P  0.05) and FCR was lower (P  0.05) in astaxanthin supplemented group.Plasma leptin was higher(P  0.05), while,plasma ghrelinand surface skin temperature were numerically lower in treatment than control group of heifers.The study found that astaxanthin supplementation amelio rated the negative impact of summer stress and helped in enhancement of growth rate and ADG by improving the feed intake and by decreasing the FCR of heifers.

scholarly journals Consequences of prenatal and preweaning growth for feedlot growth, intake and efficiency of Piedmontese- and Wagyu-sired cattle

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Cafe ◽  
D. W. Hennessy ◽  
H. Hearnshaw ◽  
S. G. Morris ◽  
P. L. Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Or Efficiency

Consequences of low (mean 28.0 kg, n = 77) and high (mean 38.4 kg, n = 77) birthweight followed by slow (mean 548 g/day, n = 75) or rapid (mean 859 g/day, n = 79) growth to weaning for feedlot growth, intake and efficiency from 26 to 30 months of age were determined in Wagyu × Hereford (n = 81) and Piedmontese × Hereford (n = 73) cattle. Cattle were selected for study based on birthweight and preweaning growth rate, from multi-modal distributions achieved by imposition of low or high maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation, with the objective of achieving as close as possible to a 30% difference in birthweight and a 2-fold difference in preweaning growth rate between progeny groups. High birthweight cattle entered the intake test 57 kg heavier, grew 100 g/day more rapidly, and ate 1.0 kg dry matter /day more than the low birthweight cattle. The high birthweight cattle tended to have a higher feed conversion ratio than low birthweight cattle, but net feed intake did not differ due to birthweight group. Cattle grown rapidly to weaning entered the intake test 29 kg heavier, grew at an equivalent rate, and ate 0.7 kg dry matter/day more than the cattle grown slowly to weaning. No differences in feed conversion ratio or net feed intake were observed between the preweaning groups. When assessed at the same liveweight, differences in dry matter intake and/or feed conversion ratio due to birthweight or preweaning growth were no longer apparent. Interactions between prenatal and preweaning growth, or between sire genotype and early-life growth, were not evident for feedlot growth, intake or efficiency. It is concluded that severely restricted growth during prenatal life or from birth to weaning results in cattle that are smaller and consume less feed at the same age as their well grown counterparts; however, long-term effects of growth during early life on efficiency of utilisation of feed are not evident.

A comparison of sires of Suffolk and Dutch Texel breeds and ewes of Greyface, Suffolk Cheviot and Dutch Texel breeds in terms of food intake, prolificacy and lamb growth rates

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Johnston ◽  
R. W. J. Steen ◽  
D. J. Kilpatrick ◽  
D. E. Lowe ◽  
D. M. B. Chestnutt
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Lamb Growth

AbstractA comparison was made over 2 years of sires of Suffolk and Dutch Texel breeds and ewes of Greyface (Border Leicester × Scottish Blackface), Suffolk Cheviot and Dutch Texel breeds in terms of food intake, prolificacy and lamb growth rates under a grass-based system of production. Suffolk Cheviot ewes consumed significantly more silage dry matter than the Greyface ewes in both years of the study. There was no overall difference between Greyface and Suffolk Cheviot ewes in terms of prolificacy. However lambs from Suffolk Cheviot ewes had a higher growth rate than lambs from Greyface ewes from birth to weaning in year 1 (P < 0·01). In the comparison of the three ewe breeds sired by Dutch Texel rams in year 2, Dutch Texel ewes produced a similar number of lambs to the other genotypes but had a higher incidence of difficult lambings, higher lamb mortality and consequently a lower number of lambs weaned. Purebred Dutch Texel male lambs had lower growth rates than crossbred Dutch Texel lambs (143 compared with 158 glday for lambs from Greyface ewes and 166 (s.e. 13.4) glday for lambs from Suffolk Cheviot ewes in year 1 and 183 compared with 251 and 248 respectively (s.e. 10.9) glday in year 2). Lambs sired by Suffolk rams had higher growth rates than those sired by Dutch Texel rams (252 compared with 224 (s.e. 5.4) glday) in year 2.

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