Production practices in Western Australia for wheats suitable for white, salted noodles

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Anderson ◽  
G. B. Crosbie ◽  
W. J. Lambe
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
The South ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Grass Weed

Wheat cultivars acceptable for the Noodle wheat segregation in Western Australia were compared with cultivars suitable for the Australian Standard White (ASW) grade over the period 1989–93. Yield and grain quality responses to sowing time, nitrogen fertiliser, soil type, and cropping history were examined to determine management practices most likely to result in wheat grain suitable for the production of white, salted noodles. Thirty experiments were conducted in the 300–450 mm average annual rainfall zone between Three Springs in the north (approx. 29° 30′S) and Newdegate in the south (approx. 33°10′S). The ASW cultivars, Spear, Kulin, and Reeves, outyielded the Noodle cultivars, Gamenya and Eradu, by 8–10% on average, but the yield difference was less at later sowings. The optimum sowing time was early May for most cultivars. The new cultivars, Cadoux (Noodle) and Tammin (potential Noodle, but classiffied General Purpose), tested in 1992 and 1993 in 12 experiments showed an optimum sowing time of late May, as did other midseason cultivars. Grain yields of May-sown crops were increased by 13 kg for every 1 kg of nitrogen applied, compared with 3 : 1 for June-sown crops. Previous legume history of the site and grass weed control in the crop also influenced the grain protein percentage. It was concluded that adoption of production guidelines that include sowing at, or near, the break of the season with about 40 kg/ha of nitrogen fertiliser, a rotation that includes 2-3 years of legume crop or pasture in the previous 5 years, and adequate grass weed control will result in an excellent chance (>80%) of producing grain proteins within the receival standards for the Noodle grade. Flour swelling volume (FSV), an indicator of noodle eating quality, was negatively correlated (not always significantly at P = 0·05) with grain protein percentage in 7 out of 8 experiments. FSV values were larger from sites located in the south of the study area and this appeared to be independent of protein and time-of-sowing effects. Small grain sievings (<2 mm) were increased by sowing after the end of May, especially in the longer season cultivars.

Production practices for high protein, hard wheat in Western Australia

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
WK Anderson ◽  
GB Crosbie ◽  
K Lemsom
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Australian Standard

Field experiments were conducted at 18 sites over 4 years in the eastern and north-eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia where average annual rainfall is <400mm, to investigate suitable techniques for the production of high protein (>13%) wheat in an area that traditionally produces grain of a much lower average protein percentage. Wilgoyne yielded as well as, or better than, any of the cultivars accepted into the Special Hard (SH) grade in Western Australia but 5-10% less than cultivars suitable for the Australian Standard White (ASW) grade. Differences between cultivars were greatest at the optimum sowing time in late May. Lower yields in early May were attributed to water stress during early growth or to frost damage during grain filling. The addition of nitrogen (N) fertiliser to crops sown after 1 June was less effective in increasing grain yield and grain protein than N added to earlier sowings. Most crops that produced >13% protein followed medic or field peas. The addition of N fertiliser was seldom required to produce this concentration of protein in crops that followed medic or peas. Crops following pasture with a low legume content or wheat had lower grain protein concentrations. Friable red-brown earth soils in a medic or pea rotation were able to achieve the required grain protein, but other combinations were not extensively tested. From these experiments, cultivars with inherently small grains due to their propensity to produce high levels of small grain screenings (whole grain through a 2-mm, slotted sieve) may be less able to increase yields economically by increasing kernel numbers per unit area under conditions in Western Australia.

Effect of weeds and nitrogen fertiliser on yield and grain protein concentration of wheat

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Mason ◽  
RW Madin
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser

Field trials at Beverley (19911, Salmon Gums (1991; 2 sites) and Merredin (1992; 2 sites), each with 5 rates of nitrogen (N) and 3 levels of weed control, were used to investigate the effect of weeds and N on wheat grain yield and protein concentration during 1991 and 1992. Weeds in the study were grasses (G) and broadleaf (BL). Weeds reduced both vegetative dry matter yield and grain yield of wheat at all sites except for dry matter at Merredin (BL). Nitrogen fertiliser increased wheat dry matter yield at all sites. Nitrogen increased wheat grain yield at Beverley and Merredin (BL), but decreased yield at both Salmon Gums sites in 1991. Nitrogen fertiliser increased grain protein concentration at all 5 sites-at all rates for 3 sites [Salmon Gums (G) and (BL) and Merredin (G)] and at rates of 69 kg N/ha or more at the other 2 sites [Beverley and Merredin (BL)]. However, the effect of weeds on grain protein varied across sites. At Merredin (G) protein concentration was higher where there was no weed control, possibly due to competition for soil moisture by the greater weed burden. At Salmon Gums (G), grain protein concentration was greater when weeds were controlled than in the presence of weeds, probably due to competition for N between crop and weeds. In the other 3 trials, there was no effect of weeds on grain protein. The effect of weeds on grain protein appears complex and depends on competition between crop and weeds for N and for water at the end of the season, and the interaction between the two.

Rain, rain, gone away: decreased growing-season rainfall for the dryland cropping region of the south-west of Western Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy T. Scanlon ◽  
Greg Doncon
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
South West

The shift in Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures in 1976 led to a change in rainfall for the broad-scale winter annual grain cropping and pasture region in the south-west of Western Australia (the WA wheatbelt). Agriculture in the eastern part the WA wheatbelt was particularly sensitive to the change in rainfall because it is a marginal area for agronomic production, with low rainfall before changes in sea surface temperature. A second shift in sea surface temperature occurred in 2000, but there has been no analysis of the resulting impact on rainfall in the eastern WA wheatbelt. An analysis of rainfall pre- and post-2000 was performed for sites in the eastern WA wheatbelt in three groups: 19 sites in the west, 56 central, and 10 east. The analysis found a decline in growing-season rainfall (i.e. April–October), especially during May–July, post-2000. Rainfall declines of 49.9 mm (west group), 39.1 mm (central group) and 28.0 mm (east group) represented respective losses of 20.1%, 17.4% and 14.2% of growing-season rainfall. Increases in out-of-season rainfall in the respective groups of 31.0, 33.6, and 50.7 mm (57.8%, 60.8% and 87.6%) meant that annual rainfall changes were smaller than growing-season losses. The west and central groups lost 17.5 and 6.16 mm annual rainfall, whereas the east group gained 15.6 mm. Analysis of wheat yield indicated reductions of 13.5% (west) and 9.90% (central) in the eastern WA wheatbelt; the small group of east sites had a potential yield gain of 8.9% arising from the increased out-of-season rainfall. Further, increased out-of-season rainfall will exacerbate weed and disease growth over the summer fallow.

The influence of annual rainfall upon capture rates of a nectar-dependent marsupial

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Wooller ◽  
K. C. Richardson ◽  
C. A. M. Garavanta ◽  
V. M. Saffer ◽  
C. Anthony ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
South Coast ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
The South ◽  
Honey Possum ◽  
Capture Rates

The capture rates of honey possums, Tarsipes rostratus, on the south coast of Western Australia were significantly related to annual rainfall in the preceding year. It is suggested that numbers of the short-lived and aseasonally breeding honey possum fluctuate in relation to nectar levels, which vary with cumulative water availability.

Breeding and farming system opportunities for pasture legumes facing increasing climate variability in the south-west of Western Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 840 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Revell ◽  
M. A. Ewing ◽  
B. J. Nutt
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
The South ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
South West ◽  
Annual Medics ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

The south-west of Western Australia has experienced a declining trend in annual rainfall and gradual warming over the last 30 years. The distribution of rainfall has also changed, with lower autumn rainfall, patchy breaks to the season, and shorter springs. This has important implications for the productivity of legume pastures in the region, which is dominated by annual species, particularly subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), annual medics (Medicago spp.), serradella (Ornithopus spp.), and biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus L.). For annual pasture legumes, appropriate patterns of seed softening and germination behaviour, efficiency of phosphorus and potassium uptake, responses to elevated levels of atmospheric CO2, and drought resistance of seedlings and mature plants will assume increasing importance. While these traits can be targeted in pasture breeding programs, it will also be important to exploit farming system opportunities to optimise the annual legume component of the feed base. These opportunities may take the form of incorporating strategic shrub reserves and grazing crops to allow for pasture deferment in autumn–winter. Perennial forages may become more important in this context, as discussed in terms of the development of the perennial legume tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa var. albomarginata C.H. Stirton).

scholarly journals Methods of reducing ripgut brome seed production and carcass damage

2008 ◽  
pp. 265-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.N. Tozer ◽  
A.J. Marshall ◽  
G.R. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
The South ◽  
Bromus Diandrus ◽  
Test Strategies ◽  
Grass Weed

Ripgut brome (Bromus diandrus) is an annual grass weed prevalent in dry, hill and high country regions throughout the South Island. Its large seeds contaminate wool and carcasses. Two studies were undertaken in 2006/2007 to test strategies to control and mitigate its impacts. The first study (South Canterbury) tested different rates and timing of application of herbicides on ripgut brome. Keywords: annual grass weeds, weed control, weed mitigation, ripgut brome, Bromus diandrus

Influence of sowing time on grain quality characters of wheat grown in north-western Victoria

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 831 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Flood ◽  
PJ Martin ◽  
JF Panozzo
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Size Index ◽  
Milling Yield

Grain from sowing time experiments at 1 site in 1984 and 2 sites in 1986 and 1987 in northwestern Victoria were tested for several grain and flour characters. The tests included grain protein percentage, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation volume, particle size index, milling yield, test weight and Pelshenke wholemeal fermentation time, although not all tests were carried out in all years at both sites. The findings are reported without analysis of the underlying processes involved. The effect of sowing time on grain protein percentage was variable; at Dooen in 1984 there was a slight decrease, at Dooen and Walpeup in 1986 there was an increase but there was no change at Dooen in 1987, as sowing time was delayed. Sowing time had a significant effect on SDS at Dooen in 1984 and Dooen and Walpeup in 1986. There were no marked trends at Dooen in 1984, but significant differences between individual sowing times, and in 1986 there was an inconsistent increase as sowing time was delayed. At Walpeup in 1986 there was a substantial increase in values as sowing time was delayed. Partial correlation coefficients, however, indicated that at Dooen in both years and Walpeup in 1986, variation for SDS was due almost entirely to differences in grain protein percentage, although at Walpeup in 1986 there was a slight additional effect of sowing time. Particle size index was significantly affected by sowing time at both sites in 1986; at Dooen there was a decrease as sowing time was delayed and then an increase for the last sowing time, and at Walpeup there was an increase as sowing time was delayed. Although some effects of sowing time on milling yield and test weight were statistically significant, only one had commercial significance-milling yield at Walpeup in 1986. Pelshenke time was affected by sowing time at Dooen in 1984 and Walpeup in 1986, but there were no obvious trends. Sowing time x cultivar interactions have implications for quality testing of wheat crossbreds. Grain growers can be reassured that sowing crops over an extended period appears to have little or no detrimental effect on grain quality with respect to bread baking properties. In some seasons, however, there may be substantial increases in grain protein percentage in later sown crops, although this would generally be associated with lower yields.

scholarly journals Variability of optimum sowing time for wheat yield in Western Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 958 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Sharma ◽  
M. F. D'Antuono ◽  
W. K. Anderson ◽  
B. J. Shackley ◽  
C. M. Zaicou-Kunesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Regression Tree ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Optimum Time ◽  
Sowing Time

Sowing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at the right time is one of the most important means of maximising grain yield in dryland agriculture. Objectives of this study were to understand the variation in estimates of optimum sowing time as influenced by cultivar and environmental characteristics, and to assess the relative importance of location, season, sowing time, and cultivar factors in maximising grain yield in Western Australia. Twenty-seven cultivar × time of sowing experiments were conducted over three seasons (2003–05) at a range of locations (annual rainfall 300–450 mm, lat. 28–35°S). There were four types of cultivar × sowing time responses, namely, quadratic, linear declining, flat, and linear increasing, associated with opening rains before mid-May, opening rains after mid-May, low-yielding sites, and good spring rains, respectively. Regression-tree analysis revealed that differences among cultivars in Tmax (sowing time when maximum grain yield was achieved) were much less in the eastern sites (mostly drier seasons). A biplot differentiated cultivars for Tmax across the range of environments used, while the subset regression analysis specifically indicated an association of average temperature and growing-season rainfall with variation for Tmax of individual cultivars. The yield penalty for sowing before the optimum time in quadratic-type responses was clearly greater for shorter season cultivars but no clear relationship was apparent between maturity class of cultivars and the penalty for late sowing, possibly due to differential plasticity of cultivars for grain weight under harsh finishing conditions. The duration of the optimum sowing window at a given location was inversely proportional to the yield potential, implying that it is critical to sow at or close to the optimum time when the yield potential is high, most common when the season breaks early. Yield component analysis showed that the relative change in grain yield over sowing dates was significantly correlated with relative changes in grain numbers/m2 in the late May sowings but other yield components were also important in the early May experiments. Sowing time accounted for 10% of grain yield variation compared with cultivar (1%), while the rest was due to uncontrollable factors of location and season.

Production practices for improved grain yield and quality of soft wheats in Western Australia

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Anderson ◽  
D. Sawkins
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Club Head ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

Summary. The aim of our experiments was to determine whether the soft-grained, club-head wheats used for the Australian Soft grade (cvv. Tincurrin and Corrigin), required different management to maximise grain yield and quality than the standard-head wheats used for other grades. Two series of field experiments were conducted in the 300–500 mm rainfall zone in the southern wheatbelt of Western Australia between latitudes 32 and 34°S from 1989 to 1993. Agronomic variables examined in the experiments included sowing time, nitrogen (N) fertiliser and seed rate. Grain yield, grain protein concentration, hectolitre weight and small grain sievings (below a 2 mm slotted screen) were measured on the grain samples. It was concluded that the optimum time for sowing the soft wheats, both of which are of mid-season maturity, was May. Small grain sievings and grain proteins of the soft wheats exceeded the receival standards for the grade when sown outside this period and were more sensitive to earlier or later sowings in this regard than the other wheats. The soft wheats had smaller kernels and were more likely than other cultivars to produce grain samples with high levels of sievings associated with sowing at inappropriate times and the use of N fertiliser. They had consistently 1–1.5% lower grain protein concentrations than the other cultivars used in the experiments. Hectolitre weights seldom fell below the receival standard of 74 kg/hL for any of the grain samples. Increasing seed rate did not increase the level of sievings at all sites. Although sievings were affected by sowing time, N fertiliser and cultivar, there were large influences associated with site factors that also caused excessive sievings. Fertile sites where the crop did not respond to N fertiliser and sites where the crop was infected by leaf rust were associated with high levels of sievings. Standard-head wheats were less susceptible to dockages, but lower yielding than the club-head, soft wheats. Seed rates for the soft wheats should be chosen to maximise yield rather than to attempt to avoid price dockages at receival.

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