Production practices for high protein, hard wheat in Western Australia

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
WK Anderson ◽  
GB Crosbie ◽  
K Lemsom
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Australian Standard

Field experiments were conducted at 18 sites over 4 years in the eastern and north-eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia where average annual rainfall is <400mm, to investigate suitable techniques for the production of high protein (>13%) wheat in an area that traditionally produces grain of a much lower average protein percentage. Wilgoyne yielded as well as, or better than, any of the cultivars accepted into the Special Hard (SH) grade in Western Australia but 5-10% less than cultivars suitable for the Australian Standard White (ASW) grade. Differences between cultivars were greatest at the optimum sowing time in late May. Lower yields in early May were attributed to water stress during early growth or to frost damage during grain filling. The addition of nitrogen (N) fertiliser to crops sown after 1 June was less effective in increasing grain yield and grain protein than N added to earlier sowings. Most crops that produced >13% protein followed medic or field peas. The addition of N fertiliser was seldom required to produce this concentration of protein in crops that followed medic or peas. Crops following pasture with a low legume content or wheat had lower grain protein concentrations. Friable red-brown earth soils in a medic or pea rotation were able to achieve the required grain protein, but other combinations were not extensively tested. From these experiments, cultivars with inherently small grains due to their propensity to produce high levels of small grain screenings (whole grain through a 2-mm, slotted sieve) may be less able to increase yields economically by increasing kernel numbers per unit area under conditions in Western Australia.

Production practices in Western Australia for wheats suitable for white, salted noodles

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Anderson ◽  
G. B. Crosbie ◽  
W. J. Lambe
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
The South ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Grass Weed

Wheat cultivars acceptable for the Noodle wheat segregation in Western Australia were compared with cultivars suitable for the Australian Standard White (ASW) grade over the period 1989–93. Yield and grain quality responses to sowing time, nitrogen fertiliser, soil type, and cropping history were examined to determine management practices most likely to result in wheat grain suitable for the production of white, salted noodles. Thirty experiments were conducted in the 300–450 mm average annual rainfall zone between Three Springs in the north (approx. 29° 30′S) and Newdegate in the south (approx. 33°10′S). The ASW cultivars, Spear, Kulin, and Reeves, outyielded the Noodle cultivars, Gamenya and Eradu, by 8–10% on average, but the yield difference was less at later sowings. The optimum sowing time was early May for most cultivars. The new cultivars, Cadoux (Noodle) and Tammin (potential Noodle, but classiffied General Purpose), tested in 1992 and 1993 in 12 experiments showed an optimum sowing time of late May, as did other midseason cultivars. Grain yields of May-sown crops were increased by 13 kg for every 1 kg of nitrogen applied, compared with 3 : 1 for June-sown crops. Previous legume history of the site and grass weed control in the crop also influenced the grain protein percentage. It was concluded that adoption of production guidelines that include sowing at, or near, the break of the season with about 40 kg/ha of nitrogen fertiliser, a rotation that includes 2-3 years of legume crop or pasture in the previous 5 years, and adequate grass weed control will result in an excellent chance (>80%) of producing grain proteins within the receival standards for the Noodle grade. Flour swelling volume (FSV), an indicator of noodle eating quality, was negatively correlated (not always significantly at P = 0·05) with grain protein percentage in 7 out of 8 experiments. FSV values were larger from sites located in the south of the study area and this appeared to be independent of protein and time-of-sowing effects. Small grain sievings (<2 mm) were increased by sowing after the end of May, especially in the longer season cultivars.

Production practices for improved grain yield and quality of soft wheats in Western Australia

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Anderson ◽  
D. Sawkins
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Club Head ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

Summary. The aim of our experiments was to determine whether the soft-grained, club-head wheats used for the Australian Soft grade (cvv. Tincurrin and Corrigin), required different management to maximise grain yield and quality than the standard-head wheats used for other grades. Two series of field experiments were conducted in the 300–500 mm rainfall zone in the southern wheatbelt of Western Australia between latitudes 32 and 34°S from 1989 to 1993. Agronomic variables examined in the experiments included sowing time, nitrogen (N) fertiliser and seed rate. Grain yield, grain protein concentration, hectolitre weight and small grain sievings (below a 2 mm slotted screen) were measured on the grain samples. It was concluded that the optimum time for sowing the soft wheats, both of which are of mid-season maturity, was May. Small grain sievings and grain proteins of the soft wheats exceeded the receival standards for the grade when sown outside this period and were more sensitive to earlier or later sowings in this regard than the other wheats. The soft wheats had smaller kernels and were more likely than other cultivars to produce grain samples with high levels of sievings associated with sowing at inappropriate times and the use of N fertiliser. They had consistently 1–1.5% lower grain protein concentrations than the other cultivars used in the experiments. Hectolitre weights seldom fell below the receival standard of 74 kg/hL for any of the grain samples. Increasing seed rate did not increase the level of sievings at all sites. Although sievings were affected by sowing time, N fertiliser and cultivar, there were large influences associated with site factors that also caused excessive sievings. Fertile sites where the crop did not respond to N fertiliser and sites where the crop was infected by leaf rust were associated with high levels of sievings. Standard-head wheats were less susceptible to dockages, but lower yielding than the club-head, soft wheats. Seed rates for the soft wheats should be chosen to maximise yield rather than to attempt to avoid price dockages at receival.

Flowering times of wheats in south-western Australia: a modelling approach

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
SP Loss ◽  
MW Perry ◽  
WK Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Development Patterns ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Independent Observations ◽  
Predicted Values

The time of flowering is important for the yield of wheat crops in south-western Australia, where the risk of frost damage and the onset of drought can occur in the same month. Relationships to predict the time from sowing to flowering were derived by linear regression of duration on mean temperature and photoperiod for 11 cultivars. The models were tested against independent observations of flowering measured in time-of-sowing experiments conducted at five locations over three years. The model accounted for 71-95% of the variation in the independent observations of duration from sowing to flowering. The slopes of the regressions of observed versus predicted values were always less than 1.0, significantly so for four cultivars (P<0.01). The mean deviation of the predicted from the observed varied from 2 to 10 days, depending on the cultivar, site and year. The model was used to examine the effects of seasonal variation, sowing time and location on the flowering times of early, mid-season and semi-winter cultivars in south-western Australia. Predictions over sites, sowing dates and years demonstrated that widely differing developmental patterns may be required to exploit the range of environments and sowing dates in the Western Australian wheatbelt. The durations from sowing to flowering for mid-season and semi-winter cultivars were less affected by the variation in temperature than cultivars with rapid development patterns, and the variation in flowering times between cultivars was smaller at cool locations than at warm sites. The use of the model for farmers and breeders is indicated.

Long-season wheats extend sowing opportunities in the central wheat belt of Western Australia

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
WK Anderson ◽  
A Heinrich ◽  
R Abbotts
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Optimum Time ◽  
Australian Standard ◽  
Short Season ◽  
Sowing Season ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

Wheat cultivars and crossbreds with different maturities were tested at a range of sowing times from 1989 to 1991 at 13 sites in the central wheat belt of Western Australia. The aim was to determine if long-season cultivars would allow sowing before mid May, the earliest period estimated by previous studies. Rainfall in the growing season ranged from 176 to 330 mm. Long season cultivars showed the potential to extend the sowing season from early May into late April without loss of yield. Mid-season cultivars reached their maximum yields from sowings in May and short-season cultivars yielded most from late May and early June sowings. The optimum flowering period for the study area over the 3 years was 2-22 September, a period similar to earlier estimates made using only short- and midseason cultivars. It was concluded that, despite considerable variability from year to year both within and between sites, the optimum flowering period did not vary greatly on average and was not greatly affected by the use of long-season cultivars. Sowing after the optimum time resulted in slightly increased grain protein percentages but losses in the value of grain yield would have more than offset increases in the value of grain protein. At the nitrogen rates used in the experiments (80 kg/ha), grain proteins over 11.5% [the minimum for the Australian Hard (AH) grade] were only achieved on average for the long-season AH cultivar Blade at sowing times later than its optimum for yield. The Australian Standard White cultivars, however, mostly achieved 10% protein, an acceptable minimum for that grade, from sowings made at their optimum time. Hectolitre weights fell below the delivery standard of 74 kg/hL in only 3 grain samples. These were all from short-season cultivars sown before their optimum time. Fifteen grain samples from 4 sites contained small grain sievings (2-mm slotted screen) above the delivery standard. Eleven of these samples came from cultivars sown outside their optimum sowing times.

Comparative soil water, pasture production, and crop yields in phase farming systems with lucerne and annual pasture in Western Australia

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Latta ◽  
L. J. Blacklow ◽  
P. S. Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Pasture Production

Two field experiments in the Great Southern region of Western Australia compared the soil water content under lucerne (Medicago sativa) with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterranean) and annual medic (Medicago polymorpha) over a 2-year period. Lucerne depleted soil water (10–150 cm) between 40 and 100 mm at Borden and 20 and 60 mm at Pingrup compared with annual pasture. There was also less stored soil water after wheat (Triticum aestivum) and canola (Brassica napus) phases which followed the lucerne and annual pasture treatments, 30 and 48 mm after wheat, 49 and 29 mm after canola at Borden and Pingrup, respectively. Lucerne plant densities declined over 2 seasons from 35 to 25 plants/m2 (Borden) and from 56 to 42 plants/m2 (Pingrup), although it produced herbage quantities similar to or greater than clover/medic pastures. The lucerne pasture also had a reduced weed component. Wheat yield at Borden was higher after lucerne (4.7 t/ha) than after annual pasture (4.0 t/ha), whereas at Pingrup yields were similar (2 t/ha) but grain protein was higher (13.7% compared with 12.6%) . There was no yield response to applied nitrogen after lucerne or annual pasture at either site, but it increased grain protein at both sites. There was no pasture treatment effect on canola yield or oil content at Borden (2 t/ha, 46% oil). However, at Pingrup yield was higher (1.5 t/ha compared to 1.3 t/ha) and oil content was similar (41%) following lucerne–wheat. The results show that lucerne provides an opportunity to develop farming systems with greater water-use in the wheatbelt of Western Australia, and that at least 2 crops can be grown after 3 years of lucerne before soil water returns to the level found after annual pasture.

Grain yield and water use efficiency of early maturing wheat in low rainfall Mediterranean environments

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Regan ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
D. Tennant ◽  
D. G. Abrecht
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Short Season

Wheat cultivars with very early maturities appropriate for late sowings in low-rainfall (<325 mm) short-season environments are currently unavailable to wheat growers in the eastern margin of the cropping region of Western Australia. A demonstration that very early-maturing genotypes can out-perform current commercial cultivars would open new opportunities for breeding programs to select very early-maturing, high- and stable-yielding cultivars for these environments. Six field experiments were conducted over 4 seasons at 2 low-rainfall sites in Western Australia to investigate crop growth, grain yield, and water use efficiency of very early-maturing genotypes compared with current commercial cultivars when sown after 1 June. Very early-maturing genotypes reached anthesis up to 24 days (328 degree-days) earlier than the current cultivars, produced less leaves, had similar yields and dry matter, and maintained high water use efficiencies. On average across seasons and locations the very early-maturing genotypes (W87–022–511, W87–114–549, W87–410–509) yielded more than the later maturing cultivars Gamenya and Spear (190 v. 160 g/m2) but they were similar to the early-maturing commercial cultivars Kulin and Wilgoyne (191 g/m2). Very early-maturing genotypes generally had a higher harvest index and produced fewer spikelets, but heavier and more grains, than Kulin and Wilgoyne. There were only small differences in total water use between very early-maturing genotypes and commercial cultivars; however, very early-maturing genotypes used less water in the pre-anthesis period and more water in the post-anthesis period than the later maturing genotypes, and hence, experienced less water deficit during the grain-filling period. This study indicates that there is a role for very early-maturing genotypes in low-rainfall short-season environments, when the first autumn rains arrive late (after 1 June).

The Relationship Between Grain-Protein Content of Wheat and Barley and Temperatures During Grain Filling

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 869 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Correll ◽  
J Butler ◽  
L Spouncer ◽  
C Wrigley
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Australian Standard ◽  
The Relationship

This paper compares the relationship between temperatures at grain filling and grain-protein content for wheat and barley. Two similar statistical models have been developed using historical grain and climate data to reliably predict the protein content of wheat and barley at grain receival sites. Protein levels were predicted using multiple regressions with the same regression coefficients for all sites. The locality effect is absorbed in the regression intercept derived for each site. Australian Standard White (ASW) wheat data for 109 silos throughout South Australia for the years 1971-1991 were analysed in relation to rainfall and temperatures at the closest weather station. Rainfall from May to September was associated with a decrease in ASW wheat grain protein, and more importantly, the number of days in October above 30�C were positively associated with an increase in wheat grain-protein levels. Analysis of protein data from malting varieties of barley (1982-1991) from 160 South Australian hundreds (districts of about 260 km2) again showed that increased rainfall between July and September was associated with decreased grain protein. However, the dominating influence was the number of days in a row in November above 35�C, which was consistently associated with increased grain protein. This makes an interesting comparison with wheat where October temperatures were more important despite barley being harvested earlier than wheat.

scholarly journals Variability of optimum sowing time for wheat yield in Western Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 958 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Sharma ◽  
M. F. D'Antuono ◽  
W. K. Anderson ◽  
B. J. Shackley ◽  
C. M. Zaicou-Kunesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Regression Tree ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Optimum Time ◽  
Sowing Time

Sowing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at the right time is one of the most important means of maximising grain yield in dryland agriculture. Objectives of this study were to understand the variation in estimates of optimum sowing time as influenced by cultivar and environmental characteristics, and to assess the relative importance of location, season, sowing time, and cultivar factors in maximising grain yield in Western Australia. Twenty-seven cultivar × time of sowing experiments were conducted over three seasons (2003–05) at a range of locations (annual rainfall 300–450 mm, lat. 28–35°S). There were four types of cultivar × sowing time responses, namely, quadratic, linear declining, flat, and linear increasing, associated with opening rains before mid-May, opening rains after mid-May, low-yielding sites, and good spring rains, respectively. Regression-tree analysis revealed that differences among cultivars in Tmax (sowing time when maximum grain yield was achieved) were much less in the eastern sites (mostly drier seasons). A biplot differentiated cultivars for Tmax across the range of environments used, while the subset regression analysis specifically indicated an association of average temperature and growing-season rainfall with variation for Tmax of individual cultivars. The yield penalty for sowing before the optimum time in quadratic-type responses was clearly greater for shorter season cultivars but no clear relationship was apparent between maturity class of cultivars and the penalty for late sowing, possibly due to differential plasticity of cultivars for grain weight under harsh finishing conditions. The duration of the optimum sowing window at a given location was inversely proportional to the yield potential, implying that it is critical to sow at or close to the optimum time when the yield potential is high, most common when the season breaks early. Yield component analysis showed that the relative change in grain yield over sowing dates was significantly correlated with relative changes in grain numbers/m2 in the late May sowings but other yield components were also important in the early May experiments. Sowing time accounted for 10% of grain yield variation compared with cultivar (1%), while the rest was due to uncontrollable factors of location and season.

scholarly journals Modelling the effects of cold temperature during the reproductive stage on the yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhuddin Rajin Anwar ◽  
David J. Luckett ◽  
Yashvir S. Chauhan ◽  
Ryan H. L. Ip ◽  
Lancelot Maphosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Cold Temperature ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Threshold Temperatures

Abstract During the reproductive stage, chilling temperatures and frost reduce the yield of chickpea and limit its adaptation. The adverse effects of chilling temperature and frost in terms of the threshold temperatures, impact of cold duration, and genotype-by-environment-by-management interactions are not well quantified. Crop growth models that predict flowering time and yield under diverse climates can identify combinations of cultivars and sowing time to reduce frost risk in target environments. The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM-chickpea) model uses daily temperatures to model basic crop growth but does not include penalties for either frost damage or cold temperatures during flowering and podding stages. Regression analysis overcame this limitation of the model for chickpea crops grown at 95 locations in Australia using 70 years of historic data incorporating three cultivars and three sowing times (early, mid, and late). We modified model parameters to include the effect of soil water on thermal time calculations, which significantly improved the prediction of flowering time. Simulated data, and data from field experiments grown in Australia (2013 to 2019), showed robust predictions for flowering time (n = 29; R2 = 0.97), and grain yield (n = 22; R2 = 0.63–0.70). In addition, we identified threshold cold temperatures that significantly affected predicted yield, and combinations of locations, variety, and sowing time where the overlap between peak cold temperatures and peak flowering was minimal. Our results showed that frost and/or cold temperature–induced yield losses are a major limitation in some unexpected Australian locations, e.g., inland, subtropical latitudes in Queensland. Intermediate sowing maximise yield, as it avoids cold temperature, late heat, and drought stresses potentially limiting yield in early and late sowing respectively.

Contribution of phase durations to canola (Brassica napus L.) grain yields in the High Rainfall Zone of southern Australia

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny Riffkin ◽  
Brendan Christy ◽  
Garry O'Leary ◽  
Debra Partington
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Winter Canola ◽  
High Rainfall

In the High Rainfall Zone (HRZ) of southern Australia, long-season winter canola types have been commercially available only since 2011. Experiments in this region show that these varieties can provide improvements in grain yield over spring types of >20% because of their ability to make better use of the longer growing season. However, within this longer crop duration, the optimum length and timings of the critical growth phases to maximise grain production are unknown. Data from eight field experiments conducted between 2010 and 2014 at Hamilton, in the HRZ of south-western Victoria, were analysed to determine whether different phases within the crop’s life cycle vary in their contribution to grain yield and, if so, how this is influenced by climatic conditions. The dataset provided 536 genotype–environment–management combinations including 60 varieties ranging in total crop duration from 186 to 236 days. Over the 5 years, seasons were highly variable with annual rainfall ranging between 479 and 981 mm and spring rainfall (September–November) between 84 and 199 mm. The range of crop maturity types (i.e. winter and spring types) and environmental conditions provided a wide spread in growth, development and grain yield. The analysis showed a positive association between longer duration from flowering to maturity and grain yield, and showed that the duration was influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Pre-flowering reserves made an important contribution to grain yield, and remobilisation of reserves from the pre-flowering period was greatest for winter types, presumably due to less favourable conditions for growth during grain-filling. Optimising flowering to produce sufficient pre-flowering reserves for remobilisation while ensuring that environmental conditions post-flowering are such that the grain-filling duration is maximised may provide a strategy to increase yields in this environment.

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