Body Type and Speech Breathing

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannette D. Hoit ◽  
Thomas J. Hixon
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Volume Change ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Tidal Breathing ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Musculoskeletal Development ◽  
Speech Breathing

Diameter changes of the rib cage and abdomen were recorded during tidal breathing and speech production in 12 adult male subjects grouped on the basis of prominence on three body type components: relative fatness, relative musculoskeletal development, and relative linearity. Data were charted to solve for lung volume, volume displacements of the rib cage and abdomen, and muscular mechanism. Tidal breathing differed across subject groups with regard to depth, rate, and chest wall configuration. Subjects rated high in relative fatness breathed deeper, slower, and with a greater chest wall deformation from relaxation than did other subjects: Speech breathing differed across subject groups with regard to relative volume contributions of the rib cage and abdomen, abdomeren excursions, rib cage paradoxing, and chest wall configuration. Subjects rated high in relative fatness demonstrated substantial abdomen contributions to lung volume change, large abdomen excursions, frequent rib cage paradoxing, and marked chest wall deformations from relaxation. By contrast, subjects rated high in relative linearity demonstrated large rib cage contributions to lung volume change; small abdomen excursions, and slight chest wall deformations from relaxation. Subjects rated high in relative musculoskeletal development generally represented a mixture of characteristics of the other two subject groups in their speech breathing performance. Functional differences are discussed in relation to possible underlying mechanism and inferences are drawn concerning evaluation and management of individuals with speech breathing disorders.

Characteristics of Speech Breathing in Young Women

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan M. Hodge ◽  
Anne Putnam Rochet
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Speech Breathing ◽  
Respiratory Behavior ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Relationship

Chest wall kinematic records were obtained from 10 healthy young women in the upright, seated position during resting breathing, conversation, and reading aloud. Breathing frequency, lung volume levels relative to resting end-expiratory level, and relative volume displacements of the rib cage and abdomen were measured. Compared to conversation, group results for reading revealed three differences: an increase in syllables spoken per breath, an absence of filled pauses, and a slight upward shift in end-inspiratory and end-expiratory lung volume levels. Compared to resting breathing, group results for speech revealed four differences: a background chest wall configuration characterized by a relatively larger rib cage and smaller abdomen, slight increases in breathing frequency and in lung volume expenditure, and a slight decrease in rib cage contribution to lung volume displacement. The physical characteristic most strongly associated with rib cage contribution to lung volume displacement in resting breathing was height (r = .76). In comparing the relationship between the same respiratory behavior during resting breathing and speech, a correlation of .83 was obtained for rib cage contribution to volume displacement in the two conditions and of .60 for end-inspiratory volume level in the two conditions. Somewhat weaker positive correlations were obtained for lung volume expenditure and for breathing frequency in the two conditions. Comparison of the present findings for women to those recently reported for comparable men (Holt & Hixon, 1987) revealed no remarkable differences in speech breathing characteristics. Results suggest that certain physical characteristics and task variables may have greater functional importance than gender in determining normative speech breathing behaviors.

Modulation of chest wall intermuscular coherence: effects of lung volume excursion and transcranial direct current stimulation

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 680-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey R. Tomczak ◽  
Krista R. Greidanus ◽  
Carol A. Boliek
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Cortical Control ◽  
Tidal Breathing ◽  
Wall Area ◽  
Speech Breathing ◽  
Intermuscular Coherence ◽  
Chest Wall Kinematics

Chest wall muscle recruitment varies as a function of the breathing task performed. However, the cortical control of the chest wall muscles during different breathing tasks is not known. We studied chest wall intermuscular coherence during various task-related lung volume excursions in 10 healthy adults (34 ± 15 yr; 2 men, 8 women) and determined if transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could modulate chest wall intermuscular coherence during these tasks. Simultaneous assessment of regional intercostal and oblique electromyographic activity was measured while participants performed standardized tidal breathing, speech, maximum phonation, and vital capacity tasks. Lung volume and chest wall kinematics were determined using variable inductance plethysmography. We found that chest wall area of intermuscular coherence was greater during tidal and speech breathing compared with phonation and vital capacity (all P < 0.05) and between tidal breathing compared with speech breathing ( P < 0.05). Anodal tDCS increased chest wall area of intermuscular coherence from 0.04 ± 0.09 prestimulation to 0.18 ± 0.19 poststimulation for vital capacity ( P < 0.05). Sham tDCS and cathodal tDCS had no effect on coherence during lung volume excursions. Chest wall kinematics were not affected by tDCS. Our findings indicate that lung volume excursions about the midrange of vital capacity elicit a greater area of chest wall intermuscular coherence compared with lung volume excursions spanning the entire range of vital capacity in healthy adults. Our findings also demonstrate that brief tDCS may modulate the cortical control of the chest wall muscles in a stimulation- and lung volume excursion task-dependent manner but does not affect chest wall kinematics in healthy adults.

Speech Breathing in Young Adults

1993 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie A. Y. Manifold ◽  
Bruce E. Murdoch
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Chest Wall ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Kinematic Behavior ◽  
Syllable Repetition ◽  
Speech Breathing ◽  
Young Adult Population

Chest wall kinematic records were obtained from 60 healthy young adults aged 18 to 23 years using a strain-gauge belt pneumograph transduction system. Recordings were taken with the subjects seated in an upright position for measurement of general respiratory function and speech breathing. The 30 males and 30 females also underwent analysis of body type and spirometric assessment. The present study aimed to investigate normative variations in speech breathing kinematics as a function of body type. Measurements of lung volume levels were referenced to two kinematic respiratory points (the 0% limit and resting-end expiratory level) and relative volume displacement of the rib cage and abdomen. Various other assessments of connected speech were analyzed for each subject. Results gathered from four speech tasks (vowel prolongation, syllable repetition, counting, and reading) indicated that an analysis of the three major subdivisions of body type (endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy) did not show any between-group differences. Further analysis of six subdivisions from the three major subdivisions of body type groups showed few between-group differences. The present investigation provides clinicians and researchers with a comprehensive analysis of the speech breathing characteristics of the young adult population. The need for comparative studies and research into the different methods of assessing chest wall kinematic behavior during speech breathing is highlighted.

Kinematics of the Chest Wall during Speech Production: Volume Displacements of the Rib Cage, Abdomen, and Lung

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Hixon ◽  
Michael D. Goldman ◽  
Jere Mead
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Chest Wall ◽  
Relative Motion ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Driving Pressure ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Kinematic System

The chest wall has been treated as a two-part kinematic system comprised of the rib cage and diaphragm-abdomen in parallel, and wherein the volume displaced by each part is linearly related to the motions of points within it. Using measurements of changes in anteroposterior diameters of the rib cage and abdomen, we studied subjects in upright and supine postures during several respiratory maneuvers and utterance tasks. Results are charted in relative motion diagrams (rib cage vs abdomen), which include the relaxed configuration of the chest wall and departures therefrom during utterances. For conversation, reading, and singing, lung volume events were restricted to the midvolume range and were dependent upon body posture and utterance loudness. Relative volume contributions of the two parts differed for subjects and utterances and ranged from all rib cage displacement to all abdominal displacement. During utterances, the chest wall was distorted from its relaxed configuration, and differently so in the two postures studied. Potential mechanisms responsible for these distortions are discussed. We conclude that the distortions observed constitute a “volume platform” or posturing of the chest wall, off of which the speaker produces speech but does not significantly further distort the system in providing the changes in driving pressure required for typical utterances.

Estimation of Lung Volume Change from Torso Hemicircumferences

1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 808-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Baken
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Volume Change ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Bridge Circuit ◽  
Weighted Sum ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
The Subject

A technique for estimating lung volume change is described. Voltages proportional to rib cage and abdominal hemicircumferences are produced by Whitney-gage transducers in a standard bridge circuit. The weighted sum of these voltages can be adjusted to produce a good estimate of lung volume change. The instrumentation does not obstruct articulatory movements, load the chest wall, or require restraint of the subject. In addition, it is easy and inexpensive to construct.

Respiratory Kinematics in Profoundly Hearing-Impaired Speakers

1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda L. Forner ◽  
Thomas J. Hixon
Keyword(s):  
Lung Volume ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Standing Position ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Tidal Breathing ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Graphic Solution

Anteroposterior diameters of the rib cage and abdomen were measured in profoundly hearing-impaired individuals in a standing position during respiratory maneuvers and utterance tasks. Data were charted in relative motion diagrams (rib cage vs abdomen) which enabled graphic solution for lung volume change, relative volume displacements of the rib cage and abdomen, and chest wall configuration. Function during resting tidal breathing was within normal limits. Function during utterance was frequently deviant in one or more of the following regards: (1) linguistic programming, (2) mechanical adjustments of respiratory origin, and (3) mechanical adjustments of the larynx and upper airway. Deviancies in mechanical adjustments of respiratory origin were confined mainly to lung volume events. Overall function is discussed with respect to the potential muscular mechanisms governing different respiratory behaviors. We conclude that both a lack of normal auditory sensation and inappropriate early speech skill instruction are responsible for the respiratory behaviors observed. Implications for clinical endeavors are detailed and data are presented to illustrate the power of biofeedback in managing speech disorders in the profoundly hearing impaired, when those disorders are partially respiratory based.

Three degree of freedom description of movement of the human chest wall

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 928-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Smith ◽  
J. Mead
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Pubic Symphysis ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Additional Degree ◽  
Wall Movement ◽  
Surface Displacements ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Three Degree Of Freedom

A three degree of freedom description of movement of the human chest wall is presented. In addition to the standard variables representing surface displacements of the rib cage and abdominal wall in transverse planes, the description includes a variable representing axial displacements of the chest wall associated with postural movements of the spine and pelvis. A simple technique was developed for quantifying the axial displacements using a single measurement by magnetometry of changes in the distance between a point on the anterior surface of the rib cage near the xiphisternum and a point on the abdominal surface near the pubic symphysis. It was found that axial displacements produced by either flexion-extension of the spine or rotation of the pelvis in the standing postures can be treated as a single degree of freedom. The chest wall displacements induced over the range of axial displacement examined were as large as those normally accompanying a change in lung volume on the order of 30–50% of the vital capacity. It is concluded, however, that although this additional degree of freedom can cause large chest wall displacements, it probably cannot independently change lung volume. This implies that the system is constrained so that there are only a limited number of independent modes of chest wall movement that are capable of producing significant changes in lung volume. It also suggests that the system is constructed so that lung volume can be relatively independent of certain postural distortions of the chest wall.

Regional coupling between chest wall and lung expansion during HFV: a positron imaging study

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 2242-2252 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Venegas ◽  
K. Tsuzaki ◽  
B. J. Fox ◽  
B. A. Simon ◽  
C. A. Hales
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Gas Transport ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
High Frequency Ventilation ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Lung Expansion ◽  
Frequency Ventilation

Apparently conflicting differences between the regional chest wall motion and gas transport have been observed during high-frequency ventilation (HFV). To elucidate the mechanism responsible for such differences, a positron imaging technique capable of assessing dynamic chest wall volumetric expansion, regional lung volume, and regional gas transport was developed. Anesthetized supine dogs were studied at ventilatory frequencies (f) ranging from 1 to 15 Hz and eucapnic tidal volumes. The regional distribution of mean lung volume was found to be independent of f, but the apex-to-base ratio of regional chest wall expansion favored the lung bases at low f and became more homogeneous at higher f. Regional gas transport per unit of lung volume, assessed from washout maneuvers, was homogeneous at 1 Hz, favored the bases progressively as f increased to 9 Hz, and returned to homogeneity at 15 Hz. Interregional asynchrony (pendelluft) and right-to-left differences were small at this large regional scale. Analysis of the data at a higher spatial resolution showed that the motion of the diaphragm relative to the excursions of the rib cage decreased as f increased. These differences from apex to base in regional chest wall expansion and gas transport were consistent with a simple model including lung, rib cage, and diaphragm regional impedances and a viscous coupling between lungs and chest wall caused by the relative sliding between pleural surfaces. To further test this model, we studied five additional animals under open chest conditions. These studies resulted in a homogeneous and f-independent regional gas transport. We conclude that the apex-to-base distribution of gas transport observed during HFV is not caused by intrinsic lung heterogeneity but rather is a result of chest wall expansion dynamics and its coupling to the lung.

A model of the respiratory pump

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 951-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Hillman ◽  
K. E. Finucane
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Volume Change ◽  
Active Component ◽  
Wall Motion ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Passive Components ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Lever System ◽  
Chest Wall Motion ◽  
Applied Forces

The interaction of forces that produce chest wall motion and lung volume change is complex and incompletely understood. To aid understanding we have developed a simple model that allows prediction of the effect on chest wall motion of changes in applied forces. The model is a lever system on which the forces generated actively by the respiratory muscles and passively by impedances of rib cage, lungs, abdomen, and diaphragm act at fixed sites. A change in forces results in translational and/or rotational motion of the lever; motion represents volume change. The distribution and magnitude of passive relative to active forces determine the locus and degree of rotation and therefore the effect of an applied force on motion of the chest wall, allowing the interaction of diaphragm, rib cage, and abdomen to be modeled. Analysis of moments allow equations to be derived that express the effect on chest wall motion of the active component in terms of the passive components. These equations may be used to test the model by comparing predicted with empirical behavior. The model is simple, appears valid for a variety of respiratory maneuvers, is useful in interpreting relative motion of rib cage and abdomen and may be useful in quantifying the effective forces acting on the rib cage.

Speech Breathing in Children and Adolescents

1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannette D. Hoit ◽  
Thomas J. Hixon ◽  
Peter J. Watson ◽  
Wayne J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Tidal Breathing ◽  
Breathing Apparatus ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Speech Breathing ◽  
Helium Dilution

An investigation was conducted to elucidate the nature of speech breathing in children and adolescents and to determine if sex and age influence performance. Eighty healthy boys and girls representing four age groups (7, 10, 13, and 16 years) were studied using helium dilution to obtain measures of subdivisions of the lung volume and using magnetometers to obtain measures of resting tidal breathing and speech breathing. Results for subdivisions of the lung volume and resting tidal breathing revealed sex- and age-related differences, most of which were attributable to differences in breathing apparatus size. Results for speech breathing indicated that sex was not an important variable, but that age was critical in determining speech breathing performance. The most substantial differences were between the 7-year-old group and older groups. These differences were characterized by larger lung volume, rib cage volume, and abdominal volume initiations and terminations for breath groups, larger lung volume excursions per breath group, fewer numbers of syllables per breath group, and larger lung volume expenditures per syllable for the 7-year-old group compared to older groups. In most respects, speech breathing appeared adultlike by the end of the first decade of life. Clinical implications regarding these findings are offered.

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