Speech Breathing in Children and Adolescents

1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannette D. Hoit ◽  
Thomas J. Hixon ◽  
Peter J. Watson ◽  
Wayne J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Tidal Breathing ◽  
Breathing Apparatus ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Speech Breathing ◽  
Helium Dilution

An investigation was conducted to elucidate the nature of speech breathing in children and adolescents and to determine if sex and age influence performance. Eighty healthy boys and girls representing four age groups (7, 10, 13, and 16 years) were studied using helium dilution to obtain measures of subdivisions of the lung volume and using magnetometers to obtain measures of resting tidal breathing and speech breathing. Results for subdivisions of the lung volume and resting tidal breathing revealed sex- and age-related differences, most of which were attributable to differences in breathing apparatus size. Results for speech breathing indicated that sex was not an important variable, but that age was critical in determining speech breathing performance. The most substantial differences were between the 7-year-old group and older groups. These differences were characterized by larger lung volume, rib cage volume, and abdominal volume initiations and terminations for breath groups, larger lung volume excursions per breath group, fewer numbers of syllables per breath group, and larger lung volume expenditures per syllable for the 7-year-old group compared to older groups. In most respects, speech breathing appeared adultlike by the end of the first decade of life. Clinical implications regarding these findings are offered.

Speech Breathing in Women

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannette D. Hoit ◽  
Thomas J. Hixon ◽  
Mary Ellen Altman ◽  
Wayne J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Lung Volume ◽  
Respiratory Function ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Breathing Disorders ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Speech Breathing ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Thirty healthy women representing three age groups (25, 50, and 75 years) were studied with respect to general respiratory function and speech breathing. Certain subdivisions of the lung volume differed with age: vital capacity, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. Speech breathing also differed with age and was characterized by differences in lung volume excursion, rib cage volume excursion, lung volume initiation, rib cage volume initiation, and lung volume expended per syllable. Age-related differences in general respiratory function and speech breathing are discussed in relation to possible underlying mechanisms. In addition, patterns of function observed in women are compared to those observed in men in an earlier investigation (Hoit & Hixon, 1987). Clinical implications are drawn regarding the evaluation and management of speech breathing disorders.

Age and Speech Breathing

1987 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannette D. Hoit ◽  
Thomas J. Hixon
Keyword(s):  
Lung Volume ◽  
Respiratory Function ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Residual Volume ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Breathing Disorders ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Speech Breathing ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Thirty healthy men representing three widely different age groups (25, 50, and 75 years) were studied with respect to general respiratory function and speech breathing. Subdivisions of the lung volume were found to differ with age and most markedly so for measures of vital capacity and residual volume. Speech breathing also was found to differ with age and was characterized by differences in lung volume excursion, rib cage volume initiation, number of syllables per breath group; and lung volume expended per syllable: Age-related differences in general respiratory function and speech breathing are discussed in relation to possible underlying mechanisms. In addition, implications are drawn regarding the evaluation and management of individuals with speech breathing disorders.

Modulation of chest wall intermuscular coherence: effects of lung volume excursion and transcranial direct current stimulation

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 680-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey R. Tomczak ◽  
Krista R. Greidanus ◽  
Carol A. Boliek
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Cortical Control ◽  
Tidal Breathing ◽  
Wall Area ◽  
Speech Breathing ◽  
Intermuscular Coherence ◽  
Chest Wall Kinematics

Chest wall muscle recruitment varies as a function of the breathing task performed. However, the cortical control of the chest wall muscles during different breathing tasks is not known. We studied chest wall intermuscular coherence during various task-related lung volume excursions in 10 healthy adults (34 ± 15 yr; 2 men, 8 women) and determined if transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could modulate chest wall intermuscular coherence during these tasks. Simultaneous assessment of regional intercostal and oblique electromyographic activity was measured while participants performed standardized tidal breathing, speech, maximum phonation, and vital capacity tasks. Lung volume and chest wall kinematics were determined using variable inductance plethysmography. We found that chest wall area of intermuscular coherence was greater during tidal and speech breathing compared with phonation and vital capacity (all P < 0.05) and between tidal breathing compared with speech breathing ( P < 0.05). Anodal tDCS increased chest wall area of intermuscular coherence from 0.04 ± 0.09 prestimulation to 0.18 ± 0.19 poststimulation for vital capacity ( P < 0.05). Sham tDCS and cathodal tDCS had no effect on coherence during lung volume excursions. Chest wall kinematics were not affected by tDCS. Our findings indicate that lung volume excursions about the midrange of vital capacity elicit a greater area of chest wall intermuscular coherence compared with lung volume excursions spanning the entire range of vital capacity in healthy adults. Our findings also demonstrate that brief tDCS may modulate the cortical control of the chest wall muscles in a stimulation- and lung volume excursion task-dependent manner but does not affect chest wall kinematics in healthy adults.

Muscle Function in Saudi Children and Adolescents: Relationship to Anthropometric Characteristics during Growth

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid S. Almuzaini
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Power Indices ◽  
Isokinetic Strength ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anthropometric Characteristics

The main purpose of the present study was to determine isokinetic strength and endurance, isometric strength, and anaerobic power for untrained healthy Saudi children and adolescents. The secondary purpose was to evaluate the effects of age in relation to anthropometric characteristics on strength and anaerobic performances. Forty-four (untrained) 11- to 19-year-old boys were grouped by age: 11-13 years, 14–16 years, and 17–19 years. All participants underwent anthropometric measurements, a flexibility test, a vertical jump test, a grip strength test, isokinetic strength measurements (Cybex Norm), and a Wingate anaerobic power test. Oneway ANOVA results indicated age-related increases in muscle strength and power. High correlation coefficients that were found among age and strength and anaerobic power indices almost disappeared when fat-free mass (FFM) was controlled for, indicating that the amount of variance in these indices that was explained by age is mostly shared by FFM. In addition, stepwise linear regression models indicated that FFM was the main predictor of strength and power performances. Thus, FFM was the best scaling variable for body size when comparing these age groups of Saudis. Until wide-range normal representative values for isokinetic strength and anaerobic power for Saudi children and adolescents are available, the present study’s results can serve as a reference for these indices.

Age effects on interrelationships between lung volume and heart rate during standing

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (5) ◽  
pp. H2128-H2134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrett Stanley ◽  
Davide Verotta ◽  
Noah Craft ◽  
Ronald A. Siegel ◽  
Janice B. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Phase Angle ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Older Subjects

To determine the effects of aging and posture on the relationship between respiration and heart rate (HR), we collected 5 min of lung volume and R-R interval data from 7 young (27 ± 3 yr, mean ± SD) and 10 old (69 ± 6 yr) healthy humans during spontaneous breathing while they were supine (SU) and standing (ST). Lung volume and HR power spectra and transfer functions between lung volume and HR were estimated. Age and position effects and age-position interactions were determined by analysis of variance for repeated measures. Older subjects had a lower and more variable respiration rate ( P < 0.03, P < 0.04), but both age groups exhibited decreased rate of respiration and increased tidal volume with ST ( P < 0.05, P < 0.005). ST decreased lung volume-to-HR transfer function magnitude in both groups ( P < 0.07). The more marked age-related differences were in phase angle. Both SU and ST phase angles were greater in older subjects ( P < 0.003). ST decreased phase angle in young but increased phase angle in older subjects ( P < 0.001). In conclusion, respiration, and respiration-HR interrelationships are altered by aging, with increased time delays between lung volume and HR and altered relationships with ST.

Age and autonomic effects on interrelationships between lung volume and heart rate

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (5) ◽  
pp. H1833-H1840 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Stanley ◽  
D. Verotta ◽  
N. Craft ◽  
R. A. Siegel ◽  
J. B. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Older Subjects

To determine effects of aging and autonomic input on interrelationships between respiratory and heart rate variability, we collected 5 min of lung volume of R-R interval data from 7 young [27 +/- 3(SD) yr] and 10 older (69 +/- 6 yr) healthy supine humans before and after double pharmacological autonomic blockade with propranolol (0.2 mg/kg iv) and atropine (0.04 mg/kg iv). Estimates of respiratory and heart rate power spectra and linear transfer functions between the two groups were generated by Fourier analysis. Age, double blockade effects, the age-drug interactions were determined by analysis of variance for repeated measures. Basal R-R intervals were unaffected by age. Double blockade decreased R-R intervals and variability in both age groups (P < 0.0001), but R-R intervals decreased less in older than in young subjects (P < 0.0001). In contrast, basal respiratory intervals and standard deviation were greater in older subjects (P = 0.05) and were unaffected by double blockade in young and older subjects. Lung volume-to-heart rate spectral coherence was highest at frequencies associated with respiration and greater in young than in older subjects (P < 0.07). Double blockade decreased lung volume-to-heart rate variability transfer function magnitude (P < 0.007) and increased phase angle (P < 0.02) without age effects or age-drug interactions. In conclusion, heart rate, respiration, and respiration-heart rate interrelations are altered by aging, and double autonomic pharmacological blockade does not eliminate all age-related differences.

Cognitive-Linguistic Demands and Speech Breathing

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather L. Mitchell ◽  
Jeannette D. Hoit ◽  
Peter J. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Lung Volume ◽  
Speaking Rate ◽  
Linguistic Processing ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Breathing Apparatus ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Speech Breathing ◽  
Demand Condition ◽  
Linguistic Demand

This investigation examined the influence of cognitive-linguistic processing demands on speech breathing. Twenty women were studied during performance of two speaking tasks that were designed to differ in cognitive-linguistic planning requirements. Speech breathing was monitored with respiratory magnetometers from which recordings were made of the anteroposterior diameter changes of the rib cage and abdomen. Results indicated that speech breathing was similar across speaking conditions with respect to nearly all measures of lung volume, rib cage volume, and abdomen volume. Task-related differences were found for certain fluency-related measures. Specifically, the number of syllables produced per breath group was smaller, average speaking rate was slower, and average lung volume expended per syllable was greater under a higher cognitive-linguistic demand condition than under a lower-demand condition. These differences were explained by the fact that silent pauses, particularly those associated with expiration, were more prevalent and longer in duration under the higher-demand condition. It appears that the mechanical behavior of the breathing apparatus during speaking generally is unaffected by variations in cognitive-linguistic demands of the type investigated; however, fluency-related breathing behavior appears to be highly sensitive to such demands.

Age-related pharmacotherapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Slovenia in children and adolescents: A population-based study

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 129-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Stuhec ◽  
I. Locatelli
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Health Claims Data

AbstractBackgroundThere are no data on age-related pharmacotherapy for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) medication in children and adolescents in the most European countries. The main aim of this paper was to obtain that data for children and adolescents in Slovenia.MethodThe number of ADHD drug prescriptions per patient was obtained from the health claims data on prescription drugs of the Health Insurance Institute of Slovenia for the study period (2003–2015). Three age groups were analyzed: 2–5 years, 6–12 years, and 13–17 years. Only immediate-release methylphenidate (IR-MPH), methylphenidate-osmotic release oral delivery system (OROS-MPH), and atomoxetine (ATX) were available and included in this study.ResultsLess than 50% of patients in Slovenia were treated with medication. The number of patients treated with MPH in the 6–12 age group remained approximately the same between 2007 and 2015 (604–729 patients). In the 13–17 age group, however that number increased 2-fold between 2003 and 2015, from 288 to 555. The number of patients treated with ATX in the 6–12 age group age group increased from 20 to 163 between 2007 and 2015. The number was similar in the 13–17 age group, increasing from 10 to 165 in the same period. In 2015, 21% of the patients from all age groups in this study were treated with ATX.ConclusionsThe number of patients treated for ADHD increased rapidly in all age groups. Patients under the age of six are prescribed medication in Slovenia, which should be avoided.

scholarly journals Normative Values for Muscular Fitness for Chinese Children and Adolescents Aged 7–18 Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 6078
Author(s):  
Yi Sun ◽  
Xiaojian Yin ◽  
Yuqiang Li ◽  
Cunjian Bi ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Muscular Fitness ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Table Data ◽  
Chinese Children And Adolescents

The primary aim of this study was to establish sex and age-specific muscular fitness (MF) norms for Chinese children and adolescents aged 7–18 years old. The secondary aim was to compare their MF values with those of children and adolescents in other countries and regions. The MF of 93,755 participants from China was evaluated by handgrip strength (upper limbs strength), sit-ups (trunk strength) and a standing broad jump (lower limbs strength), with a total of 90,424, 90,281 and 90,663 data values, respectively. The Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) method was used to calculate smooth curves and table data. The MF of Chinese boys was higher than that of girls in all age groups. After the age of 11, the growth rate of boys accelerated while that of girls slowed down. Age-related changes were larger for boys than for girls. In the international comparison, all the MF indicators of Chinese children and adolescents were lower than those of their Japanese peers but were higher than those of their European peers, with the exception of handgrip strength. The results of this study can be used to evaluate, monitor and apply interventions that improve MF. They can also be used to compare trends across countries and regions.

scholarly journals The Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale in a large sample of children and adolescents: psychometric properties in a developmental context. An EMTICS study

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1411-1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaïra J. C. Openneer ◽  
◽  
Zsanett Tárnok ◽  
Emese Bognar ◽  
Noa Benaroya-Milshtein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Internal Reliability ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Chronic Tic Disorder ◽  
Premonitory Urge

AbstractPremonitory urges are uncomfortable physical sensations preceding tics that occur in most individuals with a chronic tic disorder. The Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS) is the most frequently used self-report measure to assess the severity of premonitory urges. We aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the PUTS in the largest sample size to date (n = 656), in children aged 3–16 years, from the baseline measurement of the longitudinal European Multicenter Tics in Children Study (EMTICS). Our psychometric evaluation was done in three age-groups: children aged 3–7 years (n = 103), children between 8 and 10 years (n = 253), and children aged 11–16 years (n = 300). The PUTS exhibited good internal reliability in children and adolescents, also under the age of 10, which is younger than previously thought. We observed significant but small correlations between the severity of urges and severity of tics and obsessive–compulsive symptoms, and between severity of urges and ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and internalizing and externalizing behaviors, however, only in children of 8–10 years. Consistent with previous results, the 10th item of the PUTS correlated less with the rest of the scale compared to the other items and, therefore, should not be used as part of the questionnaire. We found a two-factor structure of the PUTS in children of 11 years and older, distinguishing between sensory phenomena related to tics, and mental phenomena as often found in obsessive–compulsive disorder. The age-related differences observed in this study may indicate the need for the development of an age-specific questionnaire to assess premonitory urges.

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