Kinematics of the Chest Wall during Speech Production: Volume Displacements of the Rib Cage, Abdomen, and Lung

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Hixon ◽  
Michael D. Goldman ◽  
Jere Mead
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Chest Wall ◽  
Relative Motion ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Driving Pressure ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Kinematic System

The chest wall has been treated as a two-part kinematic system comprised of the rib cage and diaphragm-abdomen in parallel, and wherein the volume displaced by each part is linearly related to the motions of points within it. Using measurements of changes in anteroposterior diameters of the rib cage and abdomen, we studied subjects in upright and supine postures during several respiratory maneuvers and utterance tasks. Results are charted in relative motion diagrams (rib cage vs abdomen), which include the relaxed configuration of the chest wall and departures therefrom during utterances. For conversation, reading, and singing, lung volume events were restricted to the midvolume range and were dependent upon body posture and utterance loudness. Relative volume contributions of the two parts differed for subjects and utterances and ranged from all rib cage displacement to all abdominal displacement. During utterances, the chest wall was distorted from its relaxed configuration, and differently so in the two postures studied. Potential mechanisms responsible for these distortions are discussed. We conclude that the distortions observed constitute a “volume platform” or posturing of the chest wall, off of which the speaker produces speech but does not significantly further distort the system in providing the changes in driving pressure required for typical utterances.

Characteristics of Speech Breathing in Young Women

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan M. Hodge ◽  
Anne Putnam Rochet
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Speech Breathing ◽  
Respiratory Behavior ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Relationship

Chest wall kinematic records were obtained from 10 healthy young women in the upright, seated position during resting breathing, conversation, and reading aloud. Breathing frequency, lung volume levels relative to resting end-expiratory level, and relative volume displacements of the rib cage and abdomen were measured. Compared to conversation, group results for reading revealed three differences: an increase in syllables spoken per breath, an absence of filled pauses, and a slight upward shift in end-inspiratory and end-expiratory lung volume levels. Compared to resting breathing, group results for speech revealed four differences: a background chest wall configuration characterized by a relatively larger rib cage and smaller abdomen, slight increases in breathing frequency and in lung volume expenditure, and a slight decrease in rib cage contribution to lung volume displacement. The physical characteristic most strongly associated with rib cage contribution to lung volume displacement in resting breathing was height (r = .76). In comparing the relationship between the same respiratory behavior during resting breathing and speech, a correlation of .83 was obtained for rib cage contribution to volume displacement in the two conditions and of .60 for end-inspiratory volume level in the two conditions. Somewhat weaker positive correlations were obtained for lung volume expenditure and for breathing frequency in the two conditions. Comparison of the present findings for women to those recently reported for comparable men (Holt & Hixon, 1987) revealed no remarkable differences in speech breathing characteristics. Results suggest that certain physical characteristics and task variables may have greater functional importance than gender in determining normative speech breathing behaviors.

Body Type and Speech Breathing

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannette D. Hoit ◽  
Thomas J. Hixon
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Volume Change ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Tidal Breathing ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Musculoskeletal Development ◽  
Speech Breathing

Diameter changes of the rib cage and abdomen were recorded during tidal breathing and speech production in 12 adult male subjects grouped on the basis of prominence on three body type components: relative fatness, relative musculoskeletal development, and relative linearity. Data were charted to solve for lung volume, volume displacements of the rib cage and abdomen, and muscular mechanism. Tidal breathing differed across subject groups with regard to depth, rate, and chest wall configuration. Subjects rated high in relative fatness breathed deeper, slower, and with a greater chest wall deformation from relaxation than did other subjects: Speech breathing differed across subject groups with regard to relative volume contributions of the rib cage and abdomen, abdomeren excursions, rib cage paradoxing, and chest wall configuration. Subjects rated high in relative fatness demonstrated substantial abdomen contributions to lung volume change, large abdomen excursions, frequent rib cage paradoxing, and marked chest wall deformations from relaxation. By contrast, subjects rated high in relative linearity demonstrated large rib cage contributions to lung volume change; small abdomen excursions, and slight chest wall deformations from relaxation. Subjects rated high in relative musculoskeletal development generally represented a mixture of characteristics of the other two subject groups in their speech breathing performance. Functional differences are discussed in relation to possible underlying mechanism and inferences are drawn concerning evaluation and management of individuals with speech breathing disorders.

Dynamics of the Chest Wall during Speech Production: Function of the Thorax, Rib Cage, Diaphragm, and Abdomen

1976 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Hixon ◽  
Jere Mead ◽  
Michael D. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Chest Wall ◽  
Relative Motion ◽  
Supine Position ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Conversational Speech ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Graphic Solution

Anteroposterior diameters of the rib cage and abdomen and esophageal and gastric pressures were measured in normal subjects in upright and supine body positions during respiratory maneuvers and utterance tasks. Data were charted in relative motion diagrams and various motion-pressure diagrams which enabled graphic solution for muscular pressures exerted by the chest wall and individually by the thorax, rib cage, diaphragm, and abdomen during utterances. Behaviors of the chest wall and its parts were found to depend upon lung volume, utterance loudness, body position, and utterance task. For utterances encompassing most of the vital capacity, chest wall effort was at first net inspiratory and later net expiratory. The former was governed predominately by the rib cage and the abdomen in the upright body position and by the diaphragm in the supine position. For conversational speech, chest wall effort was continuously expiratory, control being vested in the rib cage and the abdomen in the upright body position and typically in the rib cage alone in the supine position. Mechanisms operating during the utterances are discussed, particularly those involved with conversational speech production. We conclude that the abdomen occupies an especially important role in running conversational speech in that it mechanically tunes the diaphragm to increase the latter’s inspiratory efficiency and thus enables man to minimally interrupt his ongoing speech for needed inspiratory pauses. We also discuss the relevance of our findings to clinical endeavors.

Three degree of freedom description of movement of the human chest wall

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 928-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Smith ◽  
J. Mead
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Pubic Symphysis ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Additional Degree ◽  
Wall Movement ◽  
Surface Displacements ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Three Degree Of Freedom

A three degree of freedom description of movement of the human chest wall is presented. In addition to the standard variables representing surface displacements of the rib cage and abdominal wall in transverse planes, the description includes a variable representing axial displacements of the chest wall associated with postural movements of the spine and pelvis. A simple technique was developed for quantifying the axial displacements using a single measurement by magnetometry of changes in the distance between a point on the anterior surface of the rib cage near the xiphisternum and a point on the abdominal surface near the pubic symphysis. It was found that axial displacements produced by either flexion-extension of the spine or rotation of the pelvis in the standing postures can be treated as a single degree of freedom. The chest wall displacements induced over the range of axial displacement examined were as large as those normally accompanying a change in lung volume on the order of 30–50% of the vital capacity. It is concluded, however, that although this additional degree of freedom can cause large chest wall displacements, it probably cannot independently change lung volume. This implies that the system is constrained so that there are only a limited number of independent modes of chest wall movement that are capable of producing significant changes in lung volume. It also suggests that the system is constructed so that lung volume can be relatively independent of certain postural distortions of the chest wall.

Regional coupling between chest wall and lung expansion during HFV: a positron imaging study

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 2242-2252 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Venegas ◽  
K. Tsuzaki ◽  
B. J. Fox ◽  
B. A. Simon ◽  
C. A. Hales
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Gas Transport ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
High Frequency Ventilation ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Lung Expansion ◽  
Frequency Ventilation

Apparently conflicting differences between the regional chest wall motion and gas transport have been observed during high-frequency ventilation (HFV). To elucidate the mechanism responsible for such differences, a positron imaging technique capable of assessing dynamic chest wall volumetric expansion, regional lung volume, and regional gas transport was developed. Anesthetized supine dogs were studied at ventilatory frequencies (f) ranging from 1 to 15 Hz and eucapnic tidal volumes. The regional distribution of mean lung volume was found to be independent of f, but the apex-to-base ratio of regional chest wall expansion favored the lung bases at low f and became more homogeneous at higher f. Regional gas transport per unit of lung volume, assessed from washout maneuvers, was homogeneous at 1 Hz, favored the bases progressively as f increased to 9 Hz, and returned to homogeneity at 15 Hz. Interregional asynchrony (pendelluft) and right-to-left differences were small at this large regional scale. Analysis of the data at a higher spatial resolution showed that the motion of the diaphragm relative to the excursions of the rib cage decreased as f increased. These differences from apex to base in regional chest wall expansion and gas transport were consistent with a simple model including lung, rib cage, and diaphragm regional impedances and a viscous coupling between lungs and chest wall caused by the relative sliding between pleural surfaces. To further test this model, we studied five additional animals under open chest conditions. These studies resulted in a homogeneous and f-independent regional gas transport. We conclude that the apex-to-base distribution of gas transport observed during HFV is not caused by intrinsic lung heterogeneity but rather is a result of chest wall expansion dynamics and its coupling to the lung.

Rib cage distortion during voluntary and involuntary breathing acts

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 1703-1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. McCool ◽  
S. H. Loring ◽  
J. Mead
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Relative Motion ◽  
Spontaneous Breathing ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Transmural Pressure ◽  
Muscle Coordination ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Gastric Pressure ◽  
Natural Breathing

We examined chest wall and rib cage configuration in seven normal subjects during a variety of breathing maneuvers. Magnetometers were used to measure lower rib cage anteroposterior, lower rib cage transverse, upper rib cage anteroposterior, and abdomen anteroposterior diameters. Changes of these diameters were recorded during voluntary maneuvers, rebreathing, reading, and “natural” breathing. Relative motion of the rib cage and abdomen was displayed with the rib cage represented by the product of its lower anteroposterior and transverse diameters. During spontaneous breathing the rib cage and chest wall are near their relaxation configuration. During chemically driven ventilation the chest wall and rib cage progressively depart from this configuration. Much greater distortions of the chest wall and rib cage occurred during some voluntary maneuvers. Additionally, esophageal pressure and gastric pressure were measured during voluntary distortion of the rib cage. Substantial changes in lower rib cage shape occurred during voluntary maneuvers when compared with spontaneous breaths at the same transmural pressure. We conclude that the unitary behavior of the rib cage in normal subjects requires muscle coordination.

Static features of the passive rib cage and abdomen-diaphragm

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1187-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Agostoni ◽  
Piero Mognoni ◽  
Giorgio Torri ◽  
Ada Ferrario Agostoni
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Pressure Curve ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Expiratory Muscles ◽  
Volume Pressure Curves

The static relation between lung volume and rib cage circumference has been determined over the vital capacity range, during relaxation and activity of the respiratory muscles with open airway. At small volume the circumference is larger during relaxation; the reverse occurs at large volume. During relaxation at full expiration the cross section of the rib cage becomes more elliptical and in some subjects also greater. Hence the shape of the chest wall during muscular activity is different from that during relaxation. Because of this change of chest wall shape the outward recoil of the passive rib cage at full expiration, in the seven subjects examined, is higher than that given by the conventional volume-pressure curve during relaxation. The volume displacements of the rib cage and of the abdomen-diaphragm have been calculated and the volume-pressure curves of the passive rib cage and abdomen-diaphragm have been constructed, taking into account the changes of the chest wall shape occurring during relaxation. change of chest wall shape during relaxation; relation between lung volume and rib cage circumference during relaxation; relation between pleural pressure and rib cage circumference during relaxation; recoil of the passive rib cage; pressure exerted by the expiratory muscles at full expiration; volume-pressure curve of the passive rib cage; volume-pressure curve of the passive abdomen-diaphragm Submitted on September 14, 1964

Mechanical coupling of the rib cage, abdomen, and diaphragm through their area of apposition

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 1235-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Boynton ◽  
G. M. Barnas ◽  
J. T. Dadmun ◽  
J. J. Fredberg
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Abdominal Pressure ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Mechanical Coupling ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Pressure Changes ◽  
Limiting Case ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Very High

Although volumetric displacements of the chest wall are often analyzed in terms of two independent parallel pathways (rib cage and abdomen), Loring and Mead have argued that these pathways are not mechanically independent (J. Appl. Physiol. 53: 756-760, 1982). Because of its apposition with the diaphragm, the rib cage is exposed to two distinct pressure differences, one of which depends on abdominal pressure. Using the analysis of Loring and Mead as a point of departure, we developed a complementary analysis in which mechanical coupling of the rib cage, abdomen, and diaphragm is modeled by a linear translational transformer. This model has the advantage that it possesses a precise electrical analogue. Pressure differences and compartmental displacements are related by the transformation ratio (n), which is the mechanical advantage of abdominal over pleural pressure changes in displacing the rib cage. In the limiting case of very high lung volume, n----0 and the pathways uncouple. In the limit of very small lung volume, n----infinity and the pathways remain coupled; both rib cage and abdomen are driven by abdominal pressure alone, in accord with the Goldman-Mead hypothesis. A good fit was obtained between the model and the previously reported data for the human chest wall from 0.5 to 4 Hz (J. Appl. Physiol. 66:350-359, 1989). The model was then used to estimate rib cage, diaphragm, and abdominal elastance, resistance, and inertance. The abdomen was a high-elastance high-inertance highly damped compartment, and the rib cage a low-elastance low-inertance more lightly damped compartment. Our estimate that n = 1.9 is consistent with the findings of Loring and Mead and suggests substantial pathway coupling.

Acute effects of thixotropy conditioning of inspiratory muscles on end-expiratory chest wall and lung volumes in normal humans

2006 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 298-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Izumizaki ◽  
Michiko Iwase ◽  
Yasuyoshi Ohshima ◽  
Ikuo Homma
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Inspiratory Muscles ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Inflated Lung

Thixotropy conditioning of inspiratory muscles consisting of maximal inspiratory effort performed at an inflated lung volume is followed by an increase in end-expiratory position of the rib cage in normal human subjects. When performed at a deflated lung volume, conditioning is followed by a reduction in end-expiratory position. The present study was performed to determine whether changes in end-expiratory chest wall and lung volumes occur after thixotropy conditioning. We first examined the acute effects of conditioning on chest wall volume during subsequent five-breath cycles using respiratory inductive plethysmography ( n = 8). End-expiratory chest wall volume increased after conditioning at an inflated lung volume ( P < 0.05), which was attained mainly by rib cage movements. Conditioning at a deflated lung volume was followed by reductions in end-expiratory chest wall volume, which was explained by rib cage and abdominal volume changes ( P < 0.05). End-expiratory esophageal pressure decreased and increased after conditioning at inflated and deflated lung volumes, respectively ( n = 3). These changes in end-expiratory volumes and esophageal pressure were greatest for the first breath after conditioning. We also found that an increase in spirometrically determined inspiratory capacity ( n = 13) was maintained for 3 min after conditioning at a deflated lung volume, and a decrease for 1 min after conditioning at an inflated lung volume. Helium-dilution end-expiratory lung volume increased and decreased after conditioning at inflated and deflated lung volumes, respectively (both P < 0.05; n = 11). These results suggest that thixotropy conditioning changes end-expiratory volume of the chest wall and lung in normal human subjects.

Effect of acceleration on the chest wall

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 1242-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Wilson ◽  
S. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Chest Wall ◽  
Functional Residual Capacity ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Airway Pressure ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Respiratory Effect ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Residual Capacity

The gravitational force on the rib cage has been found to be an expiratory force of approximately 8 cmH2O. The gravitational force on the abdomen is an inspiratory force of the same magnitude. Because the compliance of the rib cage is greater than the compliance of the abdomen, it follows that gravity has a net expiratory effect on lung volume and that upward accelerations augmenting the gravitational force would have an additional expiratory effect. This conclusion is contrary to observations that functional residual capacity increases during headward accelerations in centrifuges and during intervals of upward acceleration in airplanes. We report the results of two studies of the effects of accelerations that are smaller in magnitude and of shorter duration than those studied in centrifuges and airplanes. The first was an experimental study of the effect of acceleration in an elevator. In subjects who relaxed against an occluded airway, airway pressure increased during upward accelerations and decreased during downward accelerations. The second was the modeling and analysis of the effects of the accelerations that occur during walking. The analysis predicted an initial expiratory response to the acceleration spike that occurs during footfall. The prediction agreed with data in the literature on the respiratory effect of walking. In both of these studies upward accelerations had an expiratory effect.

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