Fourteen ways of looking back at the Treaty of Versailles†

This article examines the idea of the Treaty of Versailles as a readily quantifiable corpus of provisions as set down in a readily identifiable document that was signed at the Palace of Versailles on 28 June 1919. It does so by recalling the pre-history to that peace that stretches as far back as US President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points of January 1918, for the German Government accepted these Fourteen Points as well as subsequent pronouncements of President Wilson as the basis for the peace that ended the Great War. Through a close engagement with diplomatic correspondence from October and November 1918, the article considers how impressions came to form that a ‘contract’ had been made with the enemy (John Maynard Keynes) by the time of the Armistice of Compiègne of November 1918—an apparent ‘charter for our future activity’ (Harold Nicolson) or a localized lex pacificatoria for its time. The article explores the amenability of each of the Fourteen Points to international normativity and, in its final section, it provides a broader account of how this set of positions shaped Germany’s official response to the draft treaty (‘Observations of the German Delegation on the Conditions of Peace’) that was released in May 1919.

AN ASSOCOATION BETWEEN PALLIATIVE MEDICINE AND EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN KHARKIV

AN ASSOCOATION BETWEEN PALLIATIVE MEDICINE AND EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN KHARKIVV. Markova, O. GavrilenkoThe article presents the experience of the Kharkov Regional Medical College for the training of nurses and social workers in the field of basic concepts of palliative care. Aspects of motivation to acquire knowledge and skills of dealing with incurable patients are presented. The issues of cooperation of the Kharkov regional medical college with the German delegation of the European project on pediatric palliative care considered. It’s shown qualitative palliative care dependency on the level of professional competence. The problems of psychological support of the staff, which provides the palliative care, are revealed.Key words: incurable patient, psychological help, training of social workers. АСОЦІАЦІЯ ПАЛІАТИВНОЇ МЕДИЦИНИ У НАВЧАЛЬНИЙ ПРОЦЕС В ХАРКОВІВ.Маркова, О.ГавриленкоУ статті представлений досвід Харківського обласного медичного коледжу з підготовки середнього медичного персоналу та соціальних працівників в галузы базових понять паліативної допомоги пацієнтам. Наведено мотиваційні аспекти набуття знань з поведінки з інкурабельним хворим і формування досвіду практичного їх використання. Розглянуто питання співпраці Харківського обласного медичного коледжу з німецькою делегацією Європейського проекту зз паліативної допомоги дітям. Показано залежність якісної паліативної допомоги від рівня професійної компетенції медичних працівників. Розкрито проблеми психологічної підтримки персоналу, який надає паліативну допомогу.Ключові слова: інкурабельний пацієнт, психологічна допомога, навчання соціальних працівників. АССОЦИАЦИЯ ПАЛЛИАТИВНОЙ МЕДИЦИНИ В УЧЕБНЫЙ ПРОЦЕСС В ХАРЬКОВЕВ. Маркова, О. ГавриленкоВ статье представлен опыт Харьковского обласного медицинского коледжа по подготовке среднего медицинского персонала и социальних работников в области базовых понятий палиативной помощи пациентам. Приведены мотивационные аспекты приобретения знаний по поведению с инкурабельными пациентами и формирования навыка практического их использования. Рассмотрены вопросы сотрудничества Харьковского обласного медицинского коледжа с немецкой делегацией Европейского проекта по палиативной помощи детям. Показана зависимость качественной палиативной помощи от уровня профессиональной компетенции медицинских работников. Раскрыты проблемы психологической поддержки персонала, который оказывает палиативную помощь.Ключевые слова: инкурабельный пациент, психологическая помощь, обучение социальних работников.

Tripartite Commission on German Debts

Following extensive discussions in London during July of 1951, the Tripartite Commission on German Debts, whose members were Sir G. Rendel (United Kingdom), F. D. Gregh (France) and W. L. Pierson (United States), met again in London on November 26, 1951, with the delegation of the German Federal Republic, headed by H. J. Abs. The meeting was held to discuss the question of the settlement of Germany's debt in respect of postwar economic assistance received from the governments of the United Kingdom, France and the United States and, in addition, to discuss matters relating to the preparation for the international conference on prewar German debts which was to be held in London early in 1952 with the representatives of creditors from all countries having a significant interest in the matter. At the beginning of the meetings the German delegation was informed of the details of the tripartite postwar claims, the totals of which were as follows: United Kingdom, £201,000,000; France, $15,700,000; and United States, about $3,200,000,000. The priority of these postwar economic assistance claims over all other claims had been recognized in an exchange of notes of March 6, 1951, between the Allied High Commission and the government of the Federal Republic. The three governments had already made it clear, however, that they would be prepared to modify that priority in order to make possible a comprehensive and equitable settlement of the remainder of Germany's external debt. They expressed a willingness to make important concessions, both in respect to priority and the total amounts of their claims, on the clear understanding that the concessions were conditional on the achievement of a satisfactory and equitable settlement of Germany's prewar debts.