Identification and fermentative properties of an indigenous strain of Wickerhamomyces anomalus isolated from Rosa roxburghii Tratt

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify and analyse the fermentative properties of a strain of indigenous Wickerhamomyces anomalus (W. anomalus) from Rosa roxburghii Tratt (R. roxburghii).Design/methodology/approachMorphological and molecular methods were used to determine the species of the selected strain W. anomalus C11. The physiological tolerances to glucose, ethanol, citric acid and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were further assessed by checking the growth of cells, and the oenological performances were proved to measure the related fermentative properties of R. roxburghii wines.FindingsThe W. anomalus C11 strain could be grown faster than commercial S. cerevisiae X16 in its logarithmic growth period and had preferable tolerances to glucose, ethanol, citric acid and SO2. Moreover, this strain of native R. roxburghii yeast W. anomalus C11 produced less sulphuretted hydrogen and had a higher β-glucosidase activity. Furthermore, W. anomalus C11 could reduce the volatile acids, reduce the sourness and enhance volatile aroma richness and complexity of R. roxburghii wines including types of aroma and content thereof. Taken together, the R. roxburghii native yeast W. anomalus C11 may have potential for use in R. roxburghii winemaking.Originality/value(1) The fermentative properties of a strain of indigenous W. anomalus (named as C11) from R. roxburghii was evaluated. (2) The strain of W. anomalus C11 had preferable tolerances to glucose, ethanol, citric acid and SO2. (3) This strain of native R. roxburghii yeast W. anomalus C11 produced less sulphuretted hydrogen and had a higher ß-glucosidase activity. (4) W. anomalus C11 could reduce the volatile acids, reduce the sourness and enhance volatile aroma richness and complexity of R. roxburghii wines including types of aroma and content thereof.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF BIOGAS PRODUCTION USING FATTY WASTE/BIODUJŲ GAMYBOS EKSPERIMENTINIAI TYRIMAI PANAUDOJANT RIEBALINES ATLIEKAS/ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА БИОГАЗА C ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ЖИРОВЫХ ОТХОДОВ

The paper presents the findings of experimental investigation of biogas production using hen manure and sewage sludge with fatty waste (from margarine production). The following mixtures were made using this organic waste: hen manure and sewage sludge were mixed with fatty waste at 75% : 25%, 50% : 50% and 25% : 75% in volume. The paper analyses quantitative and qualitative composition of biogas: gas emission content, the concentrations of methane, sulphuretted hydrogen and oxygen in it as well as temperature and pH change during the experiment. Mixing hen manure with fatty waste at 75% : 25% and maintaining psychrophilic temperature mode, the highest biogas output (0.09 m3) from 0.2 m3 substrate in 32 days was recorded. When using the mixture of sewage sludge and fatty waste at 75% : 25% and maintaining psychrophilic temperature mode, the highest biogas output (0.10 m) from 0.2 m substrate in 32 days was recorded. When using these mixtures, the concentration of methane was also the highest, and the average values reached 58.5% (with hen manure) and 61.7% (with sewage sludge). The evaluation of gas emissions and methane concentration in gas shows that the most efficient use of biogas could be obtained using biogas emitted from the mixture of hen manure and sewage sludge with fatty waste mixed at 75% : 25%. The concentration of sulphuretted hydrogen in biogas did not exceed 3%, the concentration of oxygen decreased from 4.9 % to 1.8%. pH indicator was decreasing when more fatty waste was added to the mixture. When using hen manure, the average value of pH changed from 6.4 to 6.3, when using sewage sludge ‐ from 6.6 to 6.3. Santrauka Pateikiami eksperimentinių biodujų gamybos tyrimų, naudojant vištų mėšlą ir nuotekų valymo dumblą su riebalinėmis (margarino gamybos) atliekomis, rezultatai. Iš šių organinių atliekų buvo paruošti mišiniai: vištų mėšlas bei nuotekų valymo dumblas buvo maišomas su riebalinėmis atliekomis 75 % : 25 %, 50 % : 50 % ir 25 % : 75 %. Darbe nagrinėjama biodujų kiekybinė ir kokybinė sudėtis: išsiskyrusių dujų kiekis, metano, sieros vandenilio ir deguonies koncentracija jose, temperatūros bei pH pokytis eksperimento metu. Eksperimentų metu bioreaktoriuose buvo palaikomas psichrofilinis temperatūrinis režimas. Nustatyta, kad didžiausias biodujų kiekis (0,09 m3 ) išsiskiria vištų mėšlą maišant su riebalinėmis atliekomis santykiu 75 % : 25 %. Naudojant nuotekų valymo dumblo ir riebalinių atliekų mišinį (75 % : 25 %), taip pat gauta didžiausia biodujų išeiga per visą eksperimento laikotarpį – 0,10 m3 . Metano koncentracija naudojant šiuos mišinius taip pat buvo didžiausia. Vidutinė reikšmė siekė 58,5 % (su vištų mėšlu) bei 61,7 % (su nuotekų dumblu). Įvertinus išsiskyrusių dujų kiekį ir metano koncentraciją jose, nustatyta, kad efektyviausiai būtų galima naudoti biodujas, išsiskyrusias iš vištų mėšlo ir nuotekų valymo dumblo su riebalinėmis atliekomis, kurių santykis 75 % : 25 %. Sieros vandenilio koncentracija biodujose neviršijo 3 %, deguonies koncentracija mažėjo nuo 4,9 % iki 1,8 %. pH rodiklis mažėjo į biomasės mišinį įdedant daugiau riebalinių atliekų. Naudojant vištų mėšlą vidutinė pH reikšmė kito nuo 6,4 iki 6,3, naudojant nuotekų valymo dumblą – nuo 6,6 iki 6,3. Резюме Представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований по производству биогаза с использованием куриного помета и ила сточных вод с жировыми отходами (от производства маргарина). Были исследованы следующие смеси из органических отходов: куриный помет и ил сточных вод были смешаны с жировыми отходами в объеме 75% : 25%, 50% : 50% и 25% : 75%. Проанализирован количественный и качественный состав биогаза: газовое содержание эмиссии, концентрации метана, сероводорода и кислорода, а также изменение температуры и фактора pH в течение эксперимента. Во время эксперимента в биореакторе поддерживался психрофильный температурный режим. Было установлено, что при смешивании куриного помета с жировыми отходами в соотношении 75% : 25% и поддерживании психрофильного температурного режима наибольший выпуск биогаза (от 0,09 м3 до 0,2 м3 субстрата) обнаружен спустя 32 дня. При использовании смеси из ила сточных вод и жировых отходов в соотношении 75% : 25% и поддерживании психрофильного температурного режима был установлен наибольший выпуск биогаза (от 0,10 м3 до 0,2 м3 субстрата) спустя 32 дня. При использовании этих смесей концентрация метана также была самая большая, ее средние значения составляли 58,5% (с куриным пометом) и 61,7% (с илом сточных вод). В результате оценки газовой эмиссии и концентрации метана в эмиссии установлено, что наиболее эффективным будет использование биогаза, получаемого от смеси куриного помета и ила сточных вод с жировыми отходами в соотношении 75% : 25%. Концентрация сероводорода в биогазе не превышала 3%, концентрация кислорода уменьшилась от 4,9% до 1,8%. Индикатор фактора pH уменьшался, когда к смеси добавлялось больше жировых отходов. При использовании только куриного помета среднее значение фактора pH менялось от 6,4 до 6,3, при использовании ила сточных вод – от 6,6 до 6,3.

THE CAUSES OF AN OFFENSIVE BREATH IN CHILDREN, ACCORDING TO LOUIS STARR, A FOUNDER OF THE AMERICAN PEDIATRIC SOCIETY

In his ambitious An American Text-Book of Diseases by American Teachers (1894), Louis Starr (1849-1925), of Philadelphia, called attention to the importance of smelling the child's breath. In the 1890s, the paucity of what we now consider routine laboratory tests made the physician far more dependent on the use of the sense of smell when confronted with a sick child than is the case nowadays. Starr1 wrote: The breath may become sour, catarrhal, foetic, gangrenous, ammoniacal, and stercoraceous. Sour breath is present, in infants more especially, when there is gastric fermentation. Catarrhal breath has numerous shades of difference. In chronic catarrh of the pharynx there is a "heavy" odor, not noticeable far from the patient's face. It is always most marked during and after sleep. Should there be associated follicular tonsillitis, the breath, while still heavy, becomes extremely offensive, with a scent somewhat like that of decaying cheese, and is very penetrating. This odor, too, is worse after sleeping. At the onset of acute catarrh of the stomach the breath has a vinous odor, at other times it is sweetish, and again it has the same quality as after an inhalation of ether. Later in the attack it becomes sour or has the odor of sulphuretted hydrogen. What is known as a "feverish breath," has a heavy, sweetish smell. It is met with in diseases of high temperature; thus, it is very marked and rapid in appearance in scarlatina. Foetor of the breath is observed in its mildest form in such affections as aphthae and ulcerative stomatitis. It is better developed in ozaena and necrosis of the maxillary bones.

A New Method for injecting the Tracheae and Tracheoles of Insects

A simple method of evacuating and injecting the tracheal system is described. The injection fluid consists of copper, cobalt or lead naphthenate in light petroleum (‘white spirit’). This is converted to the black metallic sulphide by exposing the insect to sulphuretted hydrogen after injection. Tracheae and tracheoles are revealed. After fixation the tissues may be cleared and mountedin Canada balsam or sectioned and stained. Methods of bleaching dark coloured insects after injection are described.

The refraction and dispersion of sulphuretted hydrogen, sulphur dioxide and carbon oxysulphide

An advance in the technique of using the Jamin interferometer for the determination of the dispersion of gases has been effected by making a systematic allowance for fringe-drift by means of photographic measurements. New values of the refraction and dispersion of sulphur dioxide and sulphuretted hydrogen have been determined, reduced to ‘infinite dilution’ by means of newly measured pressure coefficients, in order to allow for departure from the gas laws. The refraction and dispersion of carbon oxysulphide have been measured for the first time.

Sulphuretted hydrogen production by bacteria in a lead mine

This investigation was initiated when twelve miners who were working in a certain part of the Mill Close Lead Mine complained of smarting of the eyes associated with marked congestion of the conjunctivae. They also suffered from a stinging sensation in the nose and throat. The particular area in which they were working differed from other parts of the mine in that there was a strong smell of sulphuretted hydrogen present. After recovery, and when the ventilation had been improved, the men were able to continue working in that area without experiencing further discomfort. The interesting part of the investigation was tracing the origin of the sulphuretted hydrogen. The odour proceeded from collections of mine water which the miners very appropriately called “stink water”. In this there was a deposit of sulphur mixed with black sludge which also smelt strongly of H2S. The sludge consisted of slightly gelatinous black masses mixed with a whitish felt work of a filamentous organism. On microscopical examination the filaments were seen to contain sulphur globules, and often to arise from a mass of black material. This black material consisted of sulphur and inorganic salts in a slimy matrix, the black colour being due to the presence of ferrous sulphide. On further examination these masses were found to be teeming with other bacteria, Gram-negative bacilli and spirilla, both of which were motile, the spirilla being actively so.

An investigation of the chemical changes taking place in the mixed lime sulphur-lead arsenate spray

1. The reaction between lime sulphur and acid lead arsenate is shown to be small and to have little effect on the chemical properties of either material as a spray.2. It is shown that the oxidation of lime sulphur proceeds according to the empirical formula:CaS.Sx + 30 = CaS2O3 + Sx-1and that the calcium sulphides are hydrolysed in aqueous solution.3. The addition of lead arsenate has no effect on the amount of sulphur precipitated from the lime sulphur by oxidation or by the action of carbondioxide.4. Lead arsenate is only slightly decomposed by lime sulphur or by the oxidation products of lime sulphur, the main decomposition being due to the action of sulphuretted hydrogen formed by the hydrolysis of the calcium sulphides. This decomposition becomes marked in the presence of carbon dioxide which reacts on the calcium sulphide to form sulphuretted hydrogen.5. The fungicidal value of the mixed spray—as judged by the mildew killing properties of the polysulphides—is not less than that of lime sulphur alone. Additional fungicidal properties may be expected from the presence in the spray of soluble arsenates and thioarsenates.6. Judging by the chemical changes which take place in the mixed spray the insecticidal value of the lead arsenate would not appear to be greatly affected by the addition of lime sulphur.7. There is an increased amount of soluble arsenic formed by the action of carbon dioxide on the mixed spray which may prove sufficient in amount to cause spray injury.8. The A.O.A.C. method for the determination of sulphate sulphur in lime sulphur solutions is shown to be inaccurate. A method yielding more concordant results is proposed.