Assessment of Honey Quality from the Middle Podrinje Area

The study aimed to examine the quality of honey from the Middle Podrinje area (Bosnia and Herzegovina). The research included a total of 21 samples of honey from the Middle Podrinje area: 12 samples of honey florals (municipalities of Srebrenica and Milići), 9 samples of acacia honey (municipalities of Zvornik and Bratunac). Physico-chemical parameters were determined as the main composition criteria for quality assessment in honey samples: mass fraction of water, total acidity, electrical conductivity, and ash. Samples of honey florals are of poorer quality compared to acacia honey, two samples had values of water content and acidity above the values prescribed by the Regulation. Statistical analysis showed that there is a statistically significant difference between the arithmetic means of the water content for floral honey, the electrical conductivity of acacia honey, and the free acid content for both types of honey. Honey samples that met the criteria prescribed by the Regulation were sensory evaluated by experienced analysts. Two samples of floral honey that did not meet the criteria prescribed by the Regulation were not sensory evaluated. Based on sensory analysis, samples of floral honey from the municipality of Milići had better sensory characteristics compared to the same type of honey from the municipality of Srebrenica. Acacia honey from the municipality of Zvornik was rated better than honey from the municipality of Bratunac.

The determination of trace free acid content in lithium-ion battery electrolytes by coulometric titration in non-aqueous media

A new quantitative analysis method was proposed, aiming at resolving the difficulty encountered in accurately determining the trace content of a free acid in lithium-ion battery electrolytes in the past 30 years.

Synthesis and Characterization of Maleinized Rice Bran Oil Fatty Acids

Ricebran oil has higher percentage of free fatty acids which accounts for its use in various industries. In the present work rice bran fatty acids have been used for maleinization. In rice bran fatty acids maleic anhydride reacts with oleic acid without loss of unsaturation in the acid and formed succinic anhydride type adduct. Hydration of the maleinized product is performed to overcome from a number of technological difficulties such as increase in the product viscosity, abrupt and uncontrollable drop of the acid number and also gelation. Inspite of its high free acid content and dark colour, rice bran oil can be conveniently used in laundry soaps directly, but conversion of oil into distilled fatty acids provides various avenues for value added products. The absence of linolenic acid in rice bran fatty acids has an excellent advantage in providing non-yellowing characteristics. This property of rice bran fatty acids opens avnues for coating industries.

Fruit and Oil Characteristics of Olive Candidate Cultivars from Turkey

This is the first study in Turkey that evaluated olive fruit and oil characteristics of 23 cultivar candidates selected among 393 olive genotypes, on the bases of agronomical characteristics; the candidate cultivars were obtained by cross breeding between standard cultivars ('Gemlik', 'Edinciksu', 'Uslu', 'Tavşan Yüreği', 'Karamürselsu') and foreign cultivars ('Lucques', 'Belle d'Espagne' and 'Manzanilla'). Fruit traits such as fruit weight, flesh to seed ratio, fruit and seed size, as well as oil characteristics such as moisture, oil content, specific absorption at ultraviolet light, free acid content, peroxide value, chlorophyll and fatty acid composition were determined. Fruits and oils of intensely cultivated 'Gemlik' and 'Ayvalık' olive cultivars were also analyzed to compare them with the new candidate cultivars. According to the oil content, 'GE067' (23.30%), 'GE181' (23.97%), 'GE366' (22.52%), 'GE417' (22.16%), 'GT009' (24.14%), 'GT014' (21.02%), 'GU247' (22.48%), 'GU320' (27.15%) and 'GU434' (21.89%) gave better results, thus having good potential for registration as new cultivars for oil production. 'GE366' and 'GU434' were determined as the best cultivar candidates for producing dual purpose olives (table olives and oil). 'GE363' had the best fatty acid composition, which is an important feature in terms of oxidative stability and disease prevention.

STEAM TREATMENT OF ASPEN POPLAR TO INCREASE DIGESTIBILITY FOR RUMINANTS

The effects of time and temperature on the in vitro digestibility of steamed aspen wood have been studied. A short (5 min) reaction time at 190 °C was found to yield a product without weight loss, and of high (~56% digestible dry matter) digestibility. Longer times led to loss of pentosans and increased free acid content.

Free Acid in Esters of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and Their Formulations

The free acid content of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T esters and formulations is determined by titration to pH 7.0, using a pH meter. Average recoveries and standard deviations for 9 collaborators, analyzing 4 samples containing different amounts of the esters, were 0.2067± 0.0201 and 0.3778±0.0245 for 2,4-D ester and 0.6208±0.0555 and 1.4622±0.1356 for 2,4,5-T ester. The method has been adopted as official first action.

The voluntary intake by sheep and cattle of silages differing in free-acid content

SUMMARYThe free-acid content of grass silages was reduced by the addition of sodium bicarbonate to the silage and increased by additions of lactic acid. In each of four comparisons the addition of sodium bicarbonate to increase pH from about 4·0 to about 5·4 resulted in significant increases in intake of dry matter which ranged from 9·7 to 20·7%. Intake of organic matter was consistently increased by this partial neutralization treatment, but the increases were not significant in all experiments. The addition of sodium as sodium chloride rather than sodium bicarbonate did not alter the intake of a highly acid silage. Addition of lactic acid to reduce the pH of a silage feed from 5·4 to 3·8 resulted in a decrease in dry-matter intake of 22%. The correlation between dry-matter intake and the silage characteristics: titratable acidity, total organic-acid content, lactic-acid content and pH were all significant.It is concluded that the acids produced during the normal silage fermentation can limit the intake of the silage and it is suggested that chemical treatments to preserve wet grass without the presence or formation of large quantities of acids be investigated.