Anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial activities of 11 Calophyllum species from Indonesia

Members of Calophyllum (Calophyllaceae) are commonly used as herbal medicine in Indonesia from the beginning of civilization. Due to their tremendous potential as a source for pharmaceutical industry, we selected 11 Calophyllum species for the current anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial studies, namely, Calophyllum euryphyllum, C. bicolor, C. flavoramulum, C incrassaptum, C. lowei, C. macrophyllum, C. nodosum, C. soulattri, C. tetrapterum, C. teysmannii, and C. tomentosum. The methods include Calophyllum stem bark extraction and separation into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions, followed by the antioxidant analysis using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging) and the anti-bacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results showed that n-hexane fraction of C. soulattri exhibited the best anti-oxidant activity (IC50 = 2.2 µg/m). This study also showed that a xanthone compound isolated from C. macrophyllum, namely, 1,8 - dihydroxy-6 methoxy xanthone exhibited the anti-oxidant activity with IC50 = 1.56 ppm.

IN VIVO TEST OF ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY FROM DICHLOROMETHANE-ETHYL ACETATE-METHANOL FRACTIONS OF MUNDU’S BARK(GARCINIA DULCIS (ROXB.) IN SWISS WEBSTER MICE

Objective:Genus Garcinia is well-known having rich xanthone compound contents and several of those are having biological activity as antimalarial. The aims of this research wereto determine in vivoantiplasmodialactivityof dichloromethane-ethyl acetate-methanol fractions of Mundu’s bark (Garciniadulcis (Roxb.) Kurz) especially fraction Vagainst Plasmodium bergheiand to determineeffective dose.Methods: Making fraction V from ethyl acetate extractsof Mundu’s bark with vacuum column chromatographymethod was applied using dichloromethane-ethyl acetate-methanol. The product was monitored by thin layer chromatography using silica gel GF-254 and a mobile phase of chloroform: ethyl acetate (6:4).The same profiles from eluent composed fraction 18 and 19 were categorized as fraction V.Those were tested in each of groups animals with a doseof 12.5; 25; 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight. Antimalarial activityassessments have been performed with the in vivoPlasmodium bergheitest. Plasmodial activity was obtained by calculating percentage of parasitaemia, parasitaemia inhibition and ED50 determination. ED50value determined based on the relationship between dose and the percentage of parasite growth inhibition by probit analysis.Results: In this research, Antiplasmodial activity of fraction V from Mundu’s bark displayed in dose of 50 mg/kg bw and 100 mg/kg bw with inhibition parasite growth by values of 47.255% and 12.761%, respectively.Conclusion: According to the research, fraction V of Mundu’s bark (Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz) had the most potential antiplasmodial activity by in vivo test for male Swiss-Webster mice. The value of ED50 was reached by 47.424 mg/kg bw. Keywords: Mundu’s bark, Antiplasmodial activity, ED50.

Beneficial effect of 3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone on dyslipidemia in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice

Previous investigations have shown that decreased expression of angiopoietin-like protein 3 (Angptl3) is protective against dyslipidemia in atherosclerosis. The present study was conducted to test the effect of 3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone, a xanthone compound, on dyslipidemia in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice. Forty mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 10): control group (C57BL/6J mice), ApoE−/− mice group, and two groups of ApoE−/− mice treated with 3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone (10 or 30 mg/kg per day). Eight weeks after treatment, lipid levels in the blood and liver, expression of hepatic Angptl3, and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were determined. Treatment with 3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone (10 or 30 mg/kg) significantly decreased plasma and hepatic total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, increased plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and significantly downregulated expression of Angptl3 mRNA and protein concomitantly with upregulated expression of LPL mRNA. In addition, T0901317 (a liver X receptor ligand) caused elevated expression of hepatic Angptl3 mRNA and protein, and the effect of T0901317 was also abrogated by 3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone in vivo and in vitro. The present results suggest that the beneficial effect of 3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone on dyslipidemia may be related to reduced expression of Angptl3.