The Role of Women Village Heads in Decision Making Process in Lembung Timur Village

The election of a female village head in Lembung Timur is part of the maturity of the village community of Lembung Timur in seeing the meaning of gender equality in village leadership concerning leadership, especially in the decision-making process. Is it true that the appearance of a female village head to lead the village will be part of the better or more effective village leadership, which will lead to the decision-making process? This study aims to describe the role of female village heads in the decision-making process in Lembung Timur village, Lenteng district. The research method uses descriptive qualitative methods by utilizing qualitative data with descriptive elaboration. This study shows that, mainly in the decision-making process, Mrs. Faizah, as the village head in carrying out her role (manifest function), is only limited to the data collection stage. It can be said that Faizah has carried out her manifest function effectively because, from each stage of the decision-making process, she was done independently. The constraints faced are the lack of ability and experience and the occurrence of gender bias. Qualitatively, this study shows that the latent role or function of women's leadership in decision-making is not practical because the latent function performed in each decision-making process is played by Faizah's parents, namely Mr. Abdul Latif. Therefore, it is needed relating to the ability, skill, courage in playing the latent function for female village heads to break the hegemony of decision-making control by Mrs. Faizah's parents.

Resolusi Konflik Terhadap Pesta Demokrasi (Analisis Sosio-Politik Pemilihan Kepala Daerah di Bulukumba)

Elections for Regional Heads always experience the complexity of problems that lead to prolonged social conflicts without massive evaluation to minimize them. Not a few also happened, which involved various society and government institutions that participated in the contest. The research objective was to analyze and find the resolution of conflicts in Bulukumba Regency due to the democratic party of the Regional Head General Election. The research method is presented in a descriptive qualitative form with a case study approach. Primary and secondary data sources with data collection techniques, observation, interviews, and documentation. The analysis was data carried out through reduction, presentation, verification, and conclusions based on the data's validity. Among the conflict resolutions formulated, namely: a) local wisdom is the locomotive of peace to minimize social conflicts that lead to social disintegration. The implementation stage is a collective awareness built by the local community itself as an essential building for existing values and norms, b) The adaptation roles and of institutional functions in breaking down and applying rules is a potential superior as a latent function and a real function in preventing social conflicts that will occur, both micro and macro aspects that lead to movements preventive, persuasive and repressive role, and c) To suppress behavior deviant during the democratic party process, money politics must be stopped and avoided by the existence of associative relationships between the community and local wisdom values and the government through adaptive roles and functions. Institution authorized social.

Hacia una ética del paisajismo = Towards an Ethics for Landscape Architecture

El paisajismo es una profesión emergente en España, que no solo requiere una regulación, sino también un código deontológico, una ética que fundamente su inclusión en las profesiones reguladas de nuestro país. Este artículo pretende poner algunas bases para dicha regulación de esta nueva disciplina, la ética en la práctica del paisajismo. Se analizan en él lo que podrían ser principios fundacionales con el objeto de abrir un debate sobre los límites y la moralidad de este trabajo profesional relacionado con la estética, la restauración, la creación y recreación del paisaje, que le da al ser humano la capacidad transformadora sobre su entorno. Para ello partimos de la consideración del paisajismo como bien social, y desde aquí analizamos su función social mediante el análisis de sus funciones latentes y manifiestas. Esto nos permite llegar a percibir dos «metaprincipios», responsabilidad y bien social generados por el paisajista. Desde estos principios se analizan algunas intervenciones para poder aportar al debate no sólo una justificación de la necesidad de crear un código deontológico para el paisajista sino a plantear en un debate abierto, los criterios por los que se debe regir el buen hacer de esta profesión incipiente en España.AbstractLandscape design is an emerging profession that requires not only regulation, but also a code of ethics, an ethic. This article aims to lay some foundations for the regulation of this new discipline, ethics in the practice of landscaping. It analyzes what could be foundational principles in order to open a debate on the limits and morality of this professional work related to aesthetics, restoration, creation and recreation of the landscape, which gives human beings the ability transformative about its environment. For this, we start from the consideration of landscaping as a social good, and we analyze its latent function and its manifest function. This allows us to come to perceive three «metaprinciples», responsibility, social good and social well-being generated by the landscaper. From these three principles some interventions are analyzed to be able to contribute to the debate not only a justification of the need to create a deontological code for the landscaper but to propose an open debate, the criteria by which the good work of this incipient profession should be governed in Spain.

The value of crisis plans

Objective: This case study elaborates on the theme of crisis planning and addresses the question of the value of crisis plans and for whom. Method: This study is based on the data collected during a water pollution incident and consists of interviews, notes, and observations at a Municipal Council, County Administrative Board, and County Council in Sweden.Result: Merton’s concept of manifest and latent function offers a new understanding in the discussion of crisis plans. The result is then related to how known the place, task, and situation are to them. The manifest function implies that preparing crisis plans are supposed to direct officials in how to act when a crisis occurs. However, the plan was not made by or intended for the operative personnel who handled the water pollution crisis. Rather, this study shows that the personnel acted on the basis of their professional knowledge and earlier experiences when handling the crisis, and their knowledge can be related to the context of the crisis, and how known the place, task, and situation are to them.Conclusion: This research adds to the knowledge of the use of crisis plans. It shows that the importance of having a crisis plan is related to how known the situation and the place is to those handling the crisis, and if the task to be done is known to them. Knowing the place and task helps the personnel to improvise in an unknown situation, and the crisis plan is not used. The value of a crisis plan arises when the task is unknown.

Pementasan Tari Jejumputan dalam Upacara Saba Nguja Benih

Pedawa Village is one of Bali Aga Villages located in Banjar sub-district, Buleleng district which has a sacred ritual dance, name of this sacred dance is tari Jejumputan. This dance is usually performed once every five years when performing (sasih kaulu nemoning purnama) the ritual of Saba Nguja Benih. There are problems of study in this research, namely (a) How are the procredures of tari Jejumputan in the ritual of Saba Nguja Benih in Pedawa Village (b) Function of the performance of tari jejumputan in the ritual of Saba Nguja Benih. This research is purposed to describe the performance of tari jejumputan in the event of the ritual of Saba Nguja Benih, and to unveil the function of the performance of tari Jejumputan in the ritual of Saba Nguja Benih in Pedawa Village. The theories used in this research are the theory of manifest and latent proposed by Robert K Merton. Method used in this research is the qualitative research method. The techniques of collecting the data are observation, interview, and literature study. The technique of analysis used in this study is descriptive qualitative analysis. There are manifest and latent function in Jejumputan dance at Saba Nguja Benih ceremony. The manifest function contain important function namely to entertain Dewi Sri to get good seed, good harvest, deny the pest, and as a blessing for the bliss in agricultural sector. The latent function of Jejumputan dance is strength the solidarity among the society and as the identity of Pedawa Village.

Short-term synaptic plasticity makes neurons sensitive to the distribution of presynaptic population firing rates

The ability to discriminate spikes that encode a particular stimulus from spikes produced by background activity is essential for reliable information processing in the brain. We describe how synaptic short-term plasticity (STP) modulates the output of presynaptic populations as a function of the distribution of the spiking activity and find a strong relationship between STP features and sparseness of the population code, which could solve the discrimination problem. Furthermore, we show that feedforward excitation followed by inhibition (FF-EI), combined with target-dependent STP, promote substantial increase in the signal gain even for considerable deviations from the optimal conditions, granting robustness to this mechanism. A simulated neuron driven by a spiking FF-EI network is reliably modulated as predicted by a rate analysis and inherits the ability to differentiate sparse signals from dense background activity changes of the same magnitude, even at very low signal-to-noise conditions. We propose that the STP-based distribution discrimination is likely a latent function in several regions such as the cerebellum and the hippocampus.

Finding structure in multi-armed bandits

How do humans search for rewards? This question is commonly studied using multi-armed bandit tasks, which require participants to trade off exploration and exploitation. Standard multi-armed bandits assume that each option has an independent reward distribution. However, learning about options independently is unrealistic, since in the real world options often share an underlying structure. We study a class of structured bandit tasks, which we use to probe how generalization guides exploration. In a structured multi-armed bandit, options have a correlation structure dictated by a latent function. We focus on bandits in which rewards are linear functions of an option’s spatial position. Across 5 experiments, we find evidence that participants utilize functional structure to guide their exploration, and also exhibit a learning-to-learn effect across rounds, becoming progressively faster at identifying the latent function. Our experiments rule out several heuristic explanations and show that the same findings obtain with non-linear functions. Comparing several models of learning and decision making, we find that the best model of human behavior in our tasks combines three computational mechanisms: (1) function learning, (2) clustering of reward distributions across rounds, and (3) uncertainty-guided exploration. Our results suggest that human reinforcement learning can utilize latent structure in sophisticated ways to improve efficiency.

PLURALITAS AGAMA DAN KEKERASAN KOLEKTIF

<p>This paper describes whether there is a latent function of religion that can trigger the act of collective anarchism. It is also explored whether there is something that can move people so that they perpetrate the collective violence since the majority of Indonesian people are religious believers who all love peace. In principle, differences are not the root of violence. But man is often wrong in understanding the difference. Because the difference is a law of nature. Basically, humans need to be involved in pluralism, interacting with each other. And if in interacting to meet the peculiarities, need to be solved by way of communication (dialogue) without violence. Herein lies how sesunggulmya no difficulties that we can not solve, as long as want to communicate. Alternative roads are many that we can pass to solve life's problems. And religion offers it to us to create that peace.</p><p> </p><p>Dalam makalah ini dijelaskan apakah ada fungsi laten agama yang dapat memicu tindakan anarkisme kolektif. Juga ditelusuri apakah ada sesuatu yang dapat menggerakkkan orang sehingga ia melakukan kekerasan kolektif mengingat mayoritas masyarakat Indonesia adalah pemeluk agama yang semuanya cinta damai. Pada prinsipnya, berbagai perbedaan bukanlah akar terjadinya tindak kekerasan. Tetapi manusialah yang acapkali salah dalam memaknai perbedaan itu. Sebab perbedaan merupakan hukum alam. Pada dasarnya manusia perlu terlibat dalam kemajemukan, berinteraksi dengan sesamanya. Dan apabila dalam berinteraksi menemui keganjilan-keganjilan, perlu diselesaikan dengan jalan komunikasi (dialog) tanpa kekerasan. Disinilah letak betapa sesunggulmya tidak ada kesulitan yang tidak bisa kita pecahkan, asalkan mau berkomunikasi. Jalan-jalan alternatif masih banyak yang bisa kita lewati untuk menyelesaikan berbagai persoalan kehidupan. Dan agama, menawarkannya kepada kita untuk menciptakan perdamaian itu.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

Ritual Penti Pada Masyarakat Desa Ndehes, Kecamatan Wae Ri’i, Kabupaten Manggarai, Flores, Nusa Tenggara Timur

Penti is a customary rite, the ancestral heritage of the Ndehes, Manggarai, as a medium of gratitude to God for the crops gained during the year and also known as the New Year celebration for the Ndehes, Manggarai people. Penti is also an attempt to reconcile the relationship between man and his neighbor (relative), man with nature, and man with God. The problem studied is to know how the process of ritual pent in the villagers of Ndehes, Manggarai, Flores, NTT and the functions and meanings contained in the ritual penti for the villagers of Ndehes, Manggarai, Flores, NTT. The purpose of this research is to know the background of ritual pent, pent ritual process, and the function and meaning of ritual penti for the people of Ndehes Village, Manggarai Regency, Flores, NTT. Researchers use qualitative methods, as well as data collection techniques with participant observation techniques, in-depth interviews and literature studies. Informants are determined based on the background and knowledge of the informant so that it can assist in the research process about the pent ritual. The theory of functionality proposed by Branislaw Malinowski became the foundation used for this study coupled with religious concepts from other scholars such as Emile Durkheim and Koentjaraningrat. The pent ritual is able to regulate the customary and religious life of the people of Ndehes. Ritual penti has the function and meaning contained in each series of its show process, both latent function and manifest function, and the meaning - meaning in ritual penti which become basis of social life of Ndehes Village community.