Calixresorcin[4]arene-Mediated Transport of Pb(II) Ions Through Polymer Inclusion Membrane

A facilitated transport of Pb(II) through polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) containing 1,8,15,22-tetra(1-heptyl)-calixresorcin[4]arene and its tetra- and octasubstituted derivatives containing phosphoryl, thiophosphoryl or ester groups as an ion carrier was investigated. The efficiency of Pb(II) removal from aqueous nitrate solutions was considered as a function of the composition of membrane (effect of polymer, plasticizer, and carrier), feed (effect of initial metal concentration and presence of other metal ions) and stripping phases, and temperature of the process conducting. Two kinetic models were applied for the transport description. The highest Pb(II) ions removal efficiency was obtained for the membrane with tetrathiophosphorylated heptyl-calixresorcin[4]arene as an ion carrier. The activation energy value, found from Eyring plot to be equal 38.7 ± 1.3 kJ/mol, suggests that the transport process is controllable both by diffusion and chemical reaction. The competitive transport of Pb(II) over Zn(II), Cd(II), and Cr(III) ions across PIMs under the optimal conditions was also performed. It was found that the Cr(III) ions’ presence in the feed phase disturb effective re-extraction of Pb(II) ions from membrane to stripping phase. Better stability of PIM-type than SLM-type membrane was found.

The effects of processing barley and maize on metabolic and digestive responses in horses

The competition for customers increases the search for new grain processing methods for equine feed, but the effect on starch digestibility and metabolic responses varies. Therefore, to evaluate the effect of the processing methods, toasting and micronizing, on starch digestion and the effect on metabolic responses, the mobile bag technique (MBT) and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in the blood were used to estimate nutrient disappearance and metabolic responses pre-cecally. Further, cecal pH, ammonium nitrogen (N), and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were used to estimate the metabolic response in the cecum. Four cecally cannulated horses (body weight [BW] 565 ± 35 kg) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four periods of 8 d of diet adaptation and 2 d of data collection. Diets were formulated using hay and processed grains: micronized barley (MB), toasted barley (TB), micronized maize (MM), and toasted maize (TM) and were balanced to provide 1 g starch/kg BW in the morning meal. On day 9 in each period, blood and cecal fluid samples were taken before the morning meal and hourly thereafter for 8 h. On day 10 in each period, 15 bags of either MB, TB, MM, or TM (1 × 1 × 12 cm; 15 μm pore size; 1 g feed) were placed in the stomach, respectively. The dry matter disappearance was highest for the MM at all time points compared with the other feedstuffs (P < 0.001). Maize and micronizing had the highest starch disappearance (P = 0.048) compared with barley and toasting. No treatment effect was measured for any of the glucose and insulin parameters. No feed effect was measured for the insulin parameters. Plasma glucose peaked later (P = 0.045) for maize than for barley, and TB had a larger area under the curve for glucose than MB, MM, and TM (P = 0.015). The concentration of total SCFA increased after feeding (P < 0.001), with a higher concentration for barley than for maize (P = 0.044). No treatment or feed effects were measured for ammonium N or pH, but both were affected by time (P < 0.001). In conclusion, toasting was not as efficient as micronizing to improve pre-cecal starch digestibility; therefore, the preferred processing method for both barley and maize is micronizing. Further, the amount of starch escaping enzymatical digestion in the small intestine was higher than expected.

PERBANDINGAN SUHU LINGKUNGAN DAN PENGARUH PAKAN TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS SAPI PERAH DI DAERAH DENGAN KETINGGIAN BERBEDA

This study was done to compare the environmental temperature and the effect of feed management on dairy cattle productivity in KUTT Suka Makmur Grati Pasuruan. Primary data were collected by questionare based interview to the farmers at different height areas those were 40 farmers in lowland area and 40 farmers in highland area. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and quant itative methods. The results showed that temperatures in the lowlands were higher at around 24oC - 27oC, so cattle experiencing heat stress and the impact was cattle consumed less feed, while the availability of water was limited. In contrast, the highlands temperature was relatively low, about 22oC - 24oC. The cattle in highland was fed with elephant grass with a good nutrient content, so the cattle was able to produced well. Keywords: Dairy Cattle, Environment, Feed Effect, Productivity, Temperature

PENCEGAHAN INFEKSI Aeromonas hydrophila PADA IKAN PATIN (Pangasius sp.) MENGGUNAKAN TEPUNG PACI-PACI (Leucas lavandulaefolia) DENGAN DOSIS YANG BERBEDA

ABTRACT The aim of this research was to know the effect of paci-paci (L. lavandulaefolia) powder addition in feed suplemented for 14 days to the prevent A. hydrophila infection Pangasius sp. The research was conducted on August-September 2016 in Laboratorium Kolam Percobaan Budidaya Perairan, Aquaculture Study Program, Agriculture Faculty, Sriwijaya University and hematocrite examination was conducted in PMI Palembang. The research based on Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments and three replications. The fish was injected by A. hydrophila with density of 1,7x108 cfu.mL-1. The Pangasius sp. has been reared for 30 days and fed with pellet enriched with 8%, 10%, 12 % and 14% Leucas lavandulaefolia powder. Feeding frequency was four times a day. The parameters observed on this research were prevalence, hematocrite, survival, growth and water quality. The result showed that the addition the Laucas lavandulaefolia powder in feed effect on prevalence, survival rate and patin fish growth. The treatment that produced the best prevention was the addition of 12% Leucas lavandulaefolia powder in feed which produced 28.07% prevalence, 85.00% survival rate and 1.11 cm absolute length growth. Keywords: A. hydrophila, Pangasius sp, Dosage, Leucas lavandulaefolia,