The insecticidal activity of the hexane extract and fractions of Ricinus communis leaves against the yellow sugarcane aphid ( Sipha flava ) was evaluated in adults using contact bioassays by fumigation. The n -hexane extract at a concentration of 10,000 ppm achieved the highest mortality rate (80%), the positive control exhibited 100% mortality and the negative control only presented 4% mortality over the 72-hour experimental time. By means a chemical fractionation of the hexanic extract of R. communis leaves, it was possible to obtain an F4 fraction with an aphid mortality of 92% at 10,000 ppm in 72 hours. F4 GC-MS identified linoleic acid as the major compound (84.5%). The extract of R. communis and linoleic acid could be considered for integrated pest control as a more ecologically friendly alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides.
Yellow sugarcane aphid (YSA) (Sipha flava, Forbes) is a damaging pest on many grasses. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a perennial C4 grass, has been selected as a bioenergy feedstock because of its perceived resilience to abiotic and biotic stresses. Aphid infestation on switchgrass has the potential to reduce the yields and biomass quantity. Here, the global defense response of switchgrass cultivars Summer and Kanlow to YSA feeding was analyzed by RNA-seq and metabolite analysis at 5, 10, and 15 days after infestation. Genes upregulated by infestation were more common in both cultivars compared to downregulated genes. In total, a higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in the YSA susceptible cultivar (Summer), and fewer DEGs were observed in the YSA resistant cultivar (Kanlow). Interestingly, no downregulated genes were found in common between each time point or between the two switchgrass cultivars. Gene co-expression analysis revealed upregulated genes in Kanlow were associated with functions such as flavonoid, oxidation-response to chemical, or wax composition. Downregulated genes for the cultivar Summer were found in co-expression modules with gene functions related to plant defense mechanisms or cell wall composition. Global analysis of defense networks of the two cultivars uncovered differential mechanisms associated with resistance or susceptibility of switchgrass in response to YSA infestation. Several gene co-expression modules and transcription factors correlated with these differential defense responses. Overall, the YSA-resistant Kanlow plants have an enhanced defense even under aphid uninfested conditions.
The yellow sugarcane aphid, Sipha flava (Forbes), was described from Illinois by Forbes in 1884. Originally referred to as the 'sorghum aphis' and placed in the genus Chaitophorus (Forbes 1884), it was later moved into the genus Sipha (Davis 1909). Sipha includes 12 species of grass feeders, at least four of which occur in North America north of Mexico. The yellow sugarcane aphid causes damage to sorghum, sugarcane and several species of pasture grass (Median-Gaud et al. 1965, Kindler and Dalrymple 1999). This document is EENY-354, one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date August 2005.
EENY354/IN635: Yellow Sugarcane Aphid, Sipha flava (Forbes) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae) (ufl.edu)
Piercing-sucking herbivores (Insecta: Hemiptera) represent one of the greatest threats to agricultural production worldwide. Hemipteran pests directly injure plants as well as vector disease-causing plant pathogens. Production of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) in North America is impacted by a complex of Hemiptera including the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner (Aphididae); yellow sugarcane aphid, Sipha flava (Forbes) (Aphididae); West Indian canefly, Saccharosydne saccharivora (Westwood) (Delphacidae); sugarcane delphacid, Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirkaldy (Delphacidae); and sugarcane lace bug, Leptodictya tabida (Herric-Schaeffer) (Tingidae). None of these pests is consistently damaging to large amounts of sugarcane acreage, but regional outbreaks are common. The biology, ecology, and pest management of these insects are discussed with emphasis on North America sugarcane production.
Abstract
Schizaphis graminum Rondani (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Sipha flava Forbes (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are two common pests of bioenergy grasses. Despite the fact that they are both considered generalists, they differ in their ability to colonize Panicum virgatum cultivars. For example, S. flava colonizes both P. virgatum cv. Summer and P. virgatum cv. Kanlow whereas S. graminum can only colonize Summer. To study the molecular responses of these aphids to these two switchgrass cultivars, we generated de novo transcriptome assemblies and compared the expression profiles of aphids feeding on both cultivars to profiles associated with feeding on a highly susceptible sorghum host and a starvation treatment. Transcriptome assemblies yielded 8,428 and 8,866 high-quality unigenes for S. graminum and S. flava, respectively. Overall, S. graminum responded strongly to all three treatments after 12 h with an upregulation of unigenes coding for detoxification enzymes while major transcriptional changes were not observed in S. flava until 24 h. Additionally, while the two aphids responded to the switchgrass feeding treatment by downregulating unigenes linked to growth and development, their responses to Summer and Kanlow diverged significantly. Schizaphis graminum upregulated more unigenes coding for stress-responsive enzymes in the Summer treatment compared to S. flava; however, many of these unigenes were actually downregulated in the Kanlow treatment. In contrast, S. flava appeared capable of overcoming host defenses by upregulating a larger number of unigenes coding for detoxification enzymes in the Kanlow treatment. Overall, these findings are consistent with previous studies on the interactions of these two cereal aphids to divergent switchgrass hosts.
Se han identificado las siguientes especies: Acyrthosiphon bidenticola, A. kondoi. Aphis craccivora, A. fabae, A gossypii, Hyalopterus pruni, Hyperomyzus lactucae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, M. rosae, Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphunt maidis, R. padi, Sipha flava, Toxoptera aurantii, T. citricidus y Uroleucon erigeronensis. Todas las especies se citan por primera vez para la localidad de Canta.
Abstract
A new distribution map is provided for Sipha flava (Forbes). Hemiptera: Aphididae. Hosts: warm- and cool-season grasses including Miscanthus spp., sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Portugal, Azores, Madeira, Spain), Africa (Morocco, South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York, Oklahoma, Texas, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia), Central America and Carribbean (Bahamas, Barbados, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras).
The efficacy of<em> Datura ferox</em> (Fierce Thorn apple) leaf extracts against Yellow Sugarcane Aphid (<em>Sipha flava)</em> in the Zimbabwe Sugar Industry.