Amaranth and Date Flavoured Milk

Background: This project is aimed at developing a milk-based beverage combining the nutrient properties of milk, amaranth and dates. Inclusion of amaranth and dates in flavoured milk could provide product diversification and benefits to the health-conscious consumers. The objective of the present study was to develop a procedure for manufacture of an amaranth date flavoured milk (ADFM) using amaranth and date. Methods: To select the level of fat in milk, four batches of ADFM were prepared from milks containing different levels of milk fat viz. F1 (4.5%), F2 (3.0%), F3 (1.5%) and F4 (0.1%). To carry out their optimization in the final product formulation, the data was analysed using response surface methodology (RSM) using an advanced statistical software program named design expert (Version 8.0.3) was employed. Result: On the basis of overall acceptability score, ADFM prepared from milk containing fat at 3.0% fat was preferred the most. From amongst different types and levels of stabilizing salts it was found that addition of 0.15% sodium citrate prevented coagulation during sterilization. The levels of roasted amaranth flour (% w/w of milk), date extract (% w/w of milk) and sugar (% w/w of milk) for preparation of ADFM was optimized using RSM with CCRD using three independent variables. The suggested solution from RSM analysis for ADFM was: level of roasted amaranth flour: 1.61 % w/w of milk, level of date extract: 5.16% w/w of milk and sugar: 6.0% w/w of milk. The developed product has 20.83% total solid, 2.77% fat, 3.07% protein, 14.15% carbohydrate, and 0.84% ash. Results of the study revealed that an acceptable quality ADFM can be manufactured by incorporating roasted amaranth and date.

Evaluation of economic indicators for Czech dairy farms

Milk production is one of the most important areas of the Czech agrarian sector, as evidenced by its 50% share (at 2017 prices) in revenues from livestock production. As for any business, a certain level of profitability is a prerequisite for long-term and sustainable development of dairy farms. This study’s aim was to evaluate the economic efficiency of milk production from both Czech Fleckvieh (C) and Holstein (H) cows based on data collected each year from 48 to 70 Czech dairy farms in the period from 2012 to 2017. Total costs per feeding day and litre of milk, level of profitability, and income over feed costs were calculated. The influences of herd size and milk yield on profitability and break-even points were examined while sensitivity analysis and model calculations were utilised to predict profitability. The farms with higher average milk yields (&gt;7 500 and &gt;9 500 L per lactation for C and H, respectively) had higher costs per feeding day, lower costs per litre of milk, and improved profitability (p &lt; 0.05). Average break-even points were estimated for milk price (0.31 and 0.32 EUR) and milk yield (7 257 and 9 209 L) in C and H herds, respectively.<br />

Use of Old Coconut Water with Various Skim Concentrations of Milk as a Diluent for Kampong Chicken Semen

This study aims to determine the level of skim milk in the best coconut water that can maintain the quality of spermatozoa of native chickens during storage at 5oC. Semen was divided into five tubes (without diluents, diluents with skim milk levels 0%, 6%, 8% and 12, liquid Semen was then stored at 5oC. Observations of motility and viability were carried out at 0, 12, 24 hours, 36, and 48 hours. The results showed that the use of various diluents had a very significant effect (P <0.01) on the motility and viability of chicken spermatozoa at 12 hours of storage. The highest motility of spermatozoa was found in coconut milk diluent treatment with milk level skim 6%, and skim milk level 9% at 0 o'clock, 12 o'clock and 48 o'clock storage, while the highest motility at 24 o'clock and 36 o'clock was at treatment with skim milk level 6% Viability of spermatozoa at 0 o'clock does not differ between treatments but during storage, in general, the viability of spermatozoa can survive better in diluents with skim milk levels of 6% and 9% Conclusion of this study is coconut water Diluent with skim milk level of 6% and 9% can maintain the quality of chicken spermatozoa better during storage 48 hours at a temperature of 5oC.

Effect of weaning system and type of milk flow on milk production of crossbred ewes improved Valachian and Tsigai with Lacaune

Improved Valachian (IV x LC; n = 41) and Tsigai (TS x LC; n = 44) crossbred ewes with Lacaune were used to study the effects of three weaning systems on milk production. Prior to parturition, ewes were assigned to one of the following three treatments for the first 53 day of lactation: 1) ewes weaned from their lambs at 24 h postpartum and afterwards machine milked twice daily (MTD), 2) ewes, beginning 24 h postpartum, kept during the daytime with their lambs and allowed them to suckle for 12 h, nights separated from their lambs for 12 h and machine milked once daily in the morning (MIX), and 3) ewes exclusively suckled by their lambs (ES). After the treatment period, lambs were weaned from MIX and ES ewes, and all three groups were machine milked twice daily. Furthermore, ewes were evaluated according to number of live-born and weaned lambs (with one (n = 35) or with two lambs (n = 50)). The measurements of milk yield and milk flow were performed on 110 ±5 day of lactation by the equipment for graduated electronic recording of the milk level in a jar in one-second intervals. No significant differences were observed in the measured values (total milk yield, machine milk yield, latency time, milking time, machine stripping, milk flow rate, and machine milk yield in 30 and 60 s) among weaning treatments and between ewes with one or two lambs and evaluated breeds too. The highest occurrence of one peak milk flow (milk flow without milk ejection) was found out in MTD ewes (50%) compared to MIX (19%) and ES (17%). In conclusion, the different systems of weaning did not influence the milk yield and milk flow parameters in the mid-lactation.

Determinant Factors of Cow’s Milk Production in the Mountain Area

The production of milk, the quantity of fat respectively constitute the main criterion of assessment of dairy cows in the mountain area and downhill. The average performance in the succession of eight lactations per total lactation is 3420.67 kg, and per normal lactation is 3209.20 kg milk. The limits vary between 1506 kg of milk and 8835 kg milk recorded for lactation and 1506 kg of milk and 7322 kg milk for normal lactation. The study of statistical parameters of index of the total duration of lactation allows us to affirm that the cows from the herd studied have the genetic potential to increase lactation beyond the limits of normal lactation of 305 per days. Milk production per day is higher with + 0.45 kg per total lactation than normal lactation. Extension of lactation and breast resting shortening represents loss of milk production in both current lactation and the next lactation. To estimate the effect of localities was used the analysis of variance within samples. Raw data tables have been processed to create tables of variances between herds of the 6 localities and within the herd in each locality. The influence of the locality on the milk production is null. The output production of milk cows has as enablers: daily output and duration of lactation on her. The raise of the productive cows milk level in the mountain area and hence income breeders is achievable through the integration and expansion of biotechnology.

Efek Lama Penyimpanan Asi Terhadap Kadar Protein dan Lemak yang Terkandung Didalam ASI

AbstrakPenyimpanan ASI di lemari pendingin yang dilakukan oleh ibu bekerja kemungkinan bisa menyebabkan terjadinya beberapa proses biokimia seperti proteolisis dan lipolisis. Proses ini bisa menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan dari zat gizi yang terkandung didalam ASI. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui efek lama penyimpanan ASI terhadap penurunan kadar protein dan lemak yang terkandung didalam ASI. Ini merupakan true experiment dengan pendekatan pretest-post test control group design. Pemeriksaan kadar protein dan lemak dilakukan di Laboratorium Teknologi Hasil Ternak Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Andalas padang, pada bulan November 2014 dengan total 32 sampel. Sampel dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok, dengan variasi lama penyimpanan di lemari pendingin selama 0 jam (control), 24 jam, 48 jam dan 72 jam. Setelah dilakukan penyimpanan, lalu di uji kadar protein dengan metode Kjedhal dan kadar lemak dengan metode Sochlet. Hasil penelitian didapatkan kadar protein yang disimpan selama 0 jam adalah 0,99%, 24 jam 0,86%, 48 jam 0,78%, 72 jam 0,72%. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan rerata kadar protein berdasarkan lama penyimpanan dengan p<0,05. Rerata untuk kadar lemak selama penyimpanan 0 jam adalah 3,4%, 24 jam 3,2%, 48 jam 3,1% dan 72 jam 3,0%. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan rerata kadar lemak berdasarkan lama penyimpanan dengan nilai p<0,05. Terdapat efek lama penyimpanan ASI terhadap kadar protein dan lemak yang terkandung didalam ASI.Kata kunci: kadar protein ASI, kadar lemak ASI, lama penyimpanan AbstractKeeping breast milk in cool storage is often done by working mother, may cause biochemical process such as proteolysis and lipolysis. These processes may change nutrition component in breast milk. The objective of this study was to find the effect of duration of storage on breast milk in decreasing protein and fat level contained in breast milk. This study was a true experiment with pretest and posttest control group design. Protein and fat level examined on 32 samples in laboratory of Teknologi Hasil Ternak, Animal Science Faculty of Andalas University Padang in November 2015 . Samples were divided into four groups: 0 hour (control), 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours. After that, protein level was examined by using kjedhal method and fat level was examined by using sochlet method. The result got level of protein in 0 hour storage was 0.99%, 24 hours 0.86%, 48 hours 0.78%, and 72 hours 0.72%. There was significant difference of protein mean level based on storage time, with p< 0.05. The mean level of fat in 0 hour storage was 3.4%, 24 hours 3.2%, 48 hours 3.1%, and 72 hours 3.0%. There was significant difference of fat mean level on duration of storage (p< 0.05). There is effect of time storage to protein and fat level in breast milk. Keywords: protein breast milk level, fat breast milk level, duration of storage

Monitoring Jarak Jauh Ketinggian Zat Cair Berbasis Mikrokontroler AT89S51 Dengan Tampilan PC

Remote level monitoring of milk in the production tank is very important, so that operator would be able to monitor the level without walking to the production tank. This paper discusses the designing and implementing remote monitoring system of milk level in the production tank by employing wireless communication. The objective of the research is to design and implement remote monitoring level system using wireless communication system with a visual computer display. The level of milk in the production tank is measured by using sensor and then the data are sent to the operator’s computer. An application program displays the level of the milk in the production tank in real time. The milk level data are displayed visually in the forms of numeric, bar-chart-scale, and graphic so that the operator can detect the level of the milk easily. The test results suggest that the maximum distance between the transmitter and receiver is 20 meters. Keywords: Remote monitoring, microcontroller AT89S51, computer display Abstrak. Monitoring ketinggian level susu dalam tangki penampung produksi dari jarak jauh sangatlah penting, terutama jika lokasi industri yang cukup luas sehingga operator dapat mengetahui ketinggiannya tanpa harus berjalan mendatangi tangki penampung tersebut. Makalah ini membahas rancang bangun sistem yang mampu memantau ketinggian level susu pada tangki penampung susu secara nirkabel. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk merancang dan membangun sistem pemantauan ketinggian level susu secara nirkabel dengan penampil komputer. Ketinggian level susu pada tangki penampung diukur dengan menggunakan sensor yang kemudian data ini dikirimkan ke komputer operator yang berada di ruang kontrol secara nirkabel. Pada komputer terdapat program aplikasi yang dapat menampilkan ketinggian level susu secara real time. Data ketinggian level susu dapat ditampilkan secara visual dalam bentuk angka, diagram batang dan grafik sehingga memudahkan pengawasan. Dari hasil pengujian dapat diketahui bahwa jarak maksimum antara tangki penampung dan komputer pemonitor agar sistem bekerja dengan baik adalah sekitar 20 meter. Kata kunci: monitoring jarak jauh, mikrokontroler AT89S51, penampil komputer.

Impact of glucogenic additive in transition dairy cow diets of varying ruminal starch degradability on yield and composition of milk and reproductive parameters

&nbsp;A two-factorial experiment was carried out on 6 groups (10 animals each) of Polish Black and White Holstein-Friesian cows in the transition period to determine the effect of glucogenic additive (GA) to the diets containing grains of varied ruminal starch degradation on cow performance. The animals from 3 control groups (C-groups) were fed the diets without any additive, whereas 3 other, experimental ones (A-groups) received the diets with additive of glucogenic preparation (450 g per head/day) comprising calcium propionate and loose propylene glycol (1 : 1). In the control groups as well as in the experimental ones, three analogical treatments, differing in concentrate composed of grain species of varying ruminal degradability of starch, i.e. maize (M) &ndash; low ruminal degradability, barley and wheat (BW) &ndash; high ruminal degradability and marriage of them (MBW) were conducted. Finally, the treatments were: C-M, C-BW, C-MBW, A-M, A-BW, and A-MBW. The rations of all groups based on maize silage, haylage, and meadow hay were mixed at 69 : 19 : 12 ratio (dry matter (DM) basis) and given ad libitum. Besides, all the animals received adequate concentrate rations to satisfy their nutritional requirements. The experiment started two weeks before the expected parturition and lasted till the 6^th lactation week. Neither GA nor a type of grain in the diets showed significant negative influence on DM intake. A glucogenic additive has positively affected some basal nutrient digestibility, elevating significantly DM and crude protein (CP) coefficients of the apparent total tract digestibility (CATTD), by about 3 percentage points. The GA &times; grain interactions (P &le; 0.05) in CATTD of CP and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) were stated, with the peak values reported in the A-BW treatment. GA increased (P &le; 0.05) daily milk yield by nearly 5% in comparison with the control treatments. GA &times; grain interaction was noted with the best effect in the treatment where GA was given along with maize-barley-wheat-based concentrate. Besides, the glucogenic additive decreased (P &le; 0.05) protein (PDI) expenditure per 1 kg of fat-corrected milk (FCM) by ca. 6% and raised (by 0.15 percentage point in week 6) protein content, while lowered the urea milk level in weeks 3 and 6 of lactation by approximately 15%. It showed beneficial effect on cow reproductive indicators reducing the time interval from calving to successful insemination and improving insemination index. &nbsp; &nbsp;

The first observation of milkability of the sheep breeds Tsigai, Improved Valachian and their crosses with Lacaune

The aim of this study was to evaluate the milkability of two purebred breeds Tsigai (TS, <i>n</i> = 14) and Improved Valachian (IV, <i>n</i> = 15), their crosses with Lacaune 50% TS × 50% LC (<i>n</i> = 13), 50% IV × 50% LC (<i>n</i> = 9) and purebred Lacaune (LC, <i>n</i> = 19). The measurements of the milk flow were performed on day 90 ± 10 of lactation during evening machine milking. The recording of milk flow was carried out by the equipment for graduated electronic recording of milk level in a jar in one-second intervals. The milk flow curves were classified into four types: 1 peak (1P), 2 peaks (2P), plateau I (maximal milk flow over 0.4 l/min (PLI)), plateau II (maximal milk flow less than 0.4 l/min (PLII)). The last two types refer to ewes with steady milk flow during milking. Udder morphology traits were measured (cisternal depth, teat angle) and subjectively assessed by the use of linear scores (cistern depth, teat position). The average total milk yield was 0.335 ± 0.043, 0.392 ± 0.042, 0.407 ± 0.042 l in purebred TS, IV, LC resp. and 0.397 ± 0.046, 0.434 ± 0.056 l in crosses TS × LC and IV × LC, resp. The frequency of occurrence of different types of milk flow /1P:2P:PLI:PLII/ was 27, 47, 22, 4%, resp. The highest milk yield was observed in ewes with PLI (0.481 ± 0.045 l), followed by 2P (0.401 ± 0.029 l) and 1P (0.293 ± 0.036 l) type of milk flow curve (<i>P</i> = 0.0112). An opposite effect was observed in the percentage of machine stripping yield where 1P had 41.94 ± 3.83%, 2P 21.29 ± 3.04% and PLI 15.90 ± 4.70% (<i>P</i> < 0.0001). LC and TS × LC, IV × LC had the more horizontal teat position than TS and IV. It can be supposed that at least during around 69% milkings the sheep released oxytocin in response to machine milking and that TS, IV and their crosses with LC also have a suitable potential for machine milking.