FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SERUM COLLAGEN OF SEA CUCUMBER EXTRACT STICHOPUS HORRENS AS AN ANTIOXIDANT

Objective: The study was aimed to extract, formulate and characterize collagen extract of Stichopus horrens into serum preparations and decide antioxidant activity in powders and serum preparations. Methods: The sea cucumber meat was extracted collagen in three stages, namely the pretreatment stage using 0.3 M NaOH solution 1:10 (w/v) for 48 h, the hydrolysis step in the 0.3 M 1:10 acetic acid solution (w/v) for 48 h, and the extraction stage with distilled water 1: 2 (w/v) for 2 h at 45 °C. The collagen extract was freeze-dried to obtain collagen powder. Collagen powder was characterized by HPLC and its antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH method. Collagen powder formulated with extract variation of 0, 0.5 and 1%. Evaluation of serum included organoleptic, homogeneity, stability of pH and viscosity as well as antioxidant activity. Results: The results showed that collagen powder had a % yield of 0.24%, which consisted of the amino acids glycine, proline, alanine, and glutamic acid as the dominant amino acids. The % Free radical inhibition of collagen powder at concentration of 5000 ppm was 63.23%. IC50 values were obtained at 4045.37 ppm. The stability test resulted in stable serum preparations without significant changes at 4 °C and 27 °C±2 °C storage temperatures. Conclusion: The measurement of DPPH Radical reduction activity in the highest serum preparation was 1% extract with a value of 2.4%.

Stichopodidae (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata) from Nyamuk Island, Karimunjawa National Park, Central of Java, Indonesia

Sea cucumbers have been the subject of increased worldwide interest for scientific knowledge, sustainable use and conservation purposes. One family found in Karimunjawa National Park Area, Jepara was Stichopudidae. The present work was aimed to identify the species of Stichopudidae caught from the waters around Nyamuk Island, Karimunjawa National Park prior to sea ranching for their conservation. The samples were taken during 2018-2019 directly from fisher, processor, traders and wholesaler. By fisher, collections relied on free diving (in depth of 5-10 meters); diving with compressor (in depth of 10-25 meters) and all sea cucumbers were capture by hand. In the processors, the species were samples taken before being processed. They usually were gutted/un-gutted, boiled, smoked or brined. The identification was done through their morphological characters. There were eleven species found belonged to two genera (Stichopus and Thelenota), i.e. Stichopus horrens, S. pseudohorrens, S. naso, S. vastus, S. chloronatus, S. herrmanni, S. monotuberculatus, S. ocellatus, S. quadrifasciatus, Thelenota anax and T. ananas. All Stichopodid sea cucumber called as gamet or gamat by all stake holders of sea cucumber fisheries. With the increasing demand and good price of these species, the conservation effort, especially through sea ranching was urged to be done.

Struktur Komunitas Echinodermata pada Berbagai Tipe Habitat di Daerah Intertidal Pantai Lakeba, Kota Baubau Sulawesi Tenggara

Echinoderms are one of organisms that inhabit intertidal areas which have important ecological roles in marine ecosystems, also have high economic values. The community structure and distribution pattern of Echinoderms in the intertidal area can provide an overview of the condition of the Echinoderm community. This research aims to determine the community structure of Echinoderms in various habitat types in the intertidal areas of Lakeba Beach, Baubau Town. The community structure of Echinoderms were observed using quadratic transec method. Echinoderms found were 777 individuals consisting of 18 species from 5 classes. Echinoderms were distributed in four habitat types, i. e. sandy, sand covered with seagrass, rocky, and rock covered with algae habitats. The highest abundance of Echinoderm was Ophiocoma scolopendrina (Ophiuroidea) and the lowest were Maretia planulata, Arachnoides placenta (Echinoidea), Holothuria scabra, H. leucospilota, Stichopus horrens (Holothuroidea), and Isocrinidae (Crinoidea). The species diversity of Echinoderms was categorized as moderate (H’ = 1,42180), species evenness was moderate (E = 0,49191), and no dominant species of Echinoderm community (D = 0,36601). Echinoderm community living in the intertidal area was influenced by antropogenic factors. Echinodermata merupakan salah satu organisme yang mendiami daerah intertidal yang memiliki peran ekologis penting bagi ekosistem laut, juga memiliki nilai ekonomis yang tinggi. Struktur komunitas dan pola distribusi Echinodermata pada daerah intertidal dapat memberikan gambaran mengenai kondisi komunitas Echinodermata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas dan pola distribusi Echinodermata di daerah intertidal Pantai Lakeba, Kota Baubau. Struktur komunitas dan pola distribusi Echinodermata diamati menggunakan metode transek kuadrat. Echinodermata yang ditemukan berjumlah 777 individu yang terdiri atas 18 jenis dari 5 kelas. Echinodermata terdistribusi pada empat tipe habitat yaitu habitat pasir, pasir yang ditutupi lamun, batu, dan batu yang ditutupi alga. Echinodermata yang memiliki kelimpahan tertinggi adalah Ophiocoma scolopendrina (Ophiuroidea) dan kelimpahan terendah adalah Maretia planulata, Arachnoides placenta (Echinoidea), Holothuria scabra, H. leucospilota, Stichopus horrens (Holothuroidea), dan Isocrinidae (Crinoidea). Keanekaragaman jenis Echinodermata dikategorikan sedang (H’ = 1,42180), kemerataan jenis sedang (E = 0,49191) dan tidak ada jenis yang dominan dalam komunitas Echinodermata (D = 0,36601). Komunitas Echinodermata yang hidup di daerah intertidal pantai dipengaruhi oleh faktor antropogenik.

ISOLATION, PURIFICATION AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS FROM SEA CUCUMBER STICHOPUS HORRENS

Sea cucumber glycosaminoglycans have been well known as potential anticoagulant and antithrombin agents. In this investigation, glycosaminoglycans were isolated from sea cucumber Stichopus horrens by papain enzymatic digestion. Crude glycosaminoglycans were fractionated and purified by using anion-exchange chromatography on the DEAE-Macro Prep column to give two fractions of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS1) and fucan sulfate (FS2). Structural characteristics of F1 and F2 fractions were elucidated using chemical and IR, NMR spectroscopic methods. The results showed that the monosaccharide compositions of FCS1 consist of N-Acetyl-Galactosamine (GlcNAc), D-Glucuronic acid (GlcA) and Fucose (Fuc) residues with different molar ratios, while FS2 content only fucose residues. Sulfate contents of FCS1 and FS2 were 47.4% and 48.1%, respectively. FCS1 and FS2 fractions were different in the pattern of sulfation of N-Acetyl-Galactosamine and fucose residues. IR and NMR spectra of two frations showed that sulfate groups were primarily occupied at C4 of pyranose residues in FS2 and C6, C2 and/or C3 of pyranose residues in FCS1 fraction. Our results contributed to knowledge on structural types of glycosaminoglycan from sea cucumbers in Vietnam. The establishment of structural features plays an important role in further studies of the structure-bioactivity relationship of sea cucumber glycosaminoglycan.

Evaluation of Microplastics Ingested by Sea Cucumber Stichopus Horrens in Pulau Pangkor, Perak, Malaysia

The widespread presence of microplastics has caused significant concerns on their potential effects on marine ecosystems. Microplastics are classified as plastic products of less than 5 mm in size and are known to be one of the most dangerous aquatic debris to marine species. Sea cucumbers are deposit-feeders living in sediment regions that may collect microplastics in low-energy environments. This research aims to evaluate the types of microplastic isolated from the intestine of Stichopus horrens in Malaysia. Sea cucumber samples collected from Pulau Pangkor, Malaysia were dissected, and their intestines were collected for digestion. Microplastics were extracted using NaOH and filtered using filter paper. Microplastic identification was conducted on the based on the physical characteristics (colour, shape, size) and chemical characterisation was evaluated using FTIR for polymer functional groups. A total of 1446 microplastics were found in Stichopus horrens. Among various types and colors, fibre (90%) and black (59%) were dominant amongst the various particles identified. The majority of microplastics sizes were 0.51 µm and 1–2 µm. Two polymer materials were identified, namely polyethylene and poly(methyl methacrylate). As a conclusion, the findings of the study will serve as primary data for pollution indicators in respective islands.

KONDISI EKSTERNAL (PANJANG DAN BERAT TUBUH) DAN INTERNAL (Usus, POHON RESPIRASI DAN GONAD) TERIPANG GAMAT BATU Stichopus horrens SETELAH EVISERASI DAN PEMOTONGAN

Mekanisme pertahanan diri organisme adalah salah satu upaya untuk hidup di habitatnya. Pada kelompok hewan berduri Echinodermata: dikenal dengan istilah autotomi, yaitu proses melepaskan organ tubuh secara spontan sebagai respons terhadap suatu rangsangan yang membuat biota tersebut stres. Biota ini mampu melakukan eviserasi, fission dan regenerasi setelah proses pemutusan. Produk akhirnya adalah organ internal dan individu baru. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Teluk Tahuna selama 28 hari. Hasilnya Teripang Gamat Batu Stichopus horrens yang eviserasi dan pemotongan melintang ternyata mengalami penyusutan ukuran yang cukup besar. Tidak ada spesimen yang bertambah ukurannya. Jika terjadi eviserasi bagian tubuh yang dibuang adalah isi perut, yaitu kotoran, dan sebagian usus. Bagian tubuh yang tersisa pada spesimen yang dipotong adalah yang melekat pada bagian anterior, yaitu pangkal tenggorokan, lambung dan sebagian usus. Sedangkan bagian posterior tidak pernah ditemukan gonad, hanya sebagian usus dan pohon respirasi yang berpangkal pada bagian kloaka. Kondisi organ internal (pencernaan, pohon respirasi dan gonad) setelah eviserasi maupun pemotongan melintang menyusut ukurannya, baik saat tebar awal sampai hari ke-28. Sehingga memberikan arti bahwa pada 4 minggu pertama individu teripang ini setelah belum melakukan regenerasi organ internal. The organism's self-defense mechanism is an attempt to live in its habitat. In the group of spiny animals Echinoderm: known as autotomy, which is the process of spontaneously releasing organs in response to a stimulus that stresses the biota. This biota is capable of evisceration, fission and regeneration after the transverse fission. The end products are internal organs and new individuals. This research was conducted in Tahuna Bay for 28 days. The result was that the sea cucumber Gama Batu or Stichopus horrens was revised and that the transverse fission actually experienced a significant reduction in size. There is no specimen that increased in size. If there is evisceration, the parts of the body that are removed are the stomach contents, namely feces, and part of the intestines. The body parts remaining in the transeverse fission specimen are those attached to the anterior, namely the larynx, stomach and a portion of the intestines. Parts of the body are missing. While the posterior gonads have never been found, only a part of the intestine and respiration tree originates from the cloaca. The condition of the internal organs (intestines, respiration tree and gonads) which were eviscerated and the transverse fission experienced a reduction in size, both during initial stocking until the 28th day. It means that in the first 4 weeks the individual these sea cucumber had not regenerated the internal organs.

Golden Sea Cucumber: Identification and the Antioxidant Activity of Its Collagen Hydrolysates

Golden sea cucumber or locally known as “teripang emas” is one of Indonesia’s most popular sea cucumber and widely processed as functional food or supplement due to its bioactivities. The sea cucumber is often misidentified due to its morphological similarities with other Stichopus spp. This study aimed to identify the golden sea cucumber obtained from West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, by a molecular method and study the antioxidant activities of its collagen hydrolysates. The hydrolysates were produced by hydrolyzing acid collagen extract using neutrase for 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 mins. The products were then analyzed for their degree of hydrolysis, peptide content, molecular weight distribution and radical scavenging activity by the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Results showed that hydrolysis for 180 mins was optimal in producing the highest peptide content, 12.79 ± 0.44 mg/mL, with a degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 55.2 ± 1.50%. However, the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 of 5.25 ± 0.15 mg/mL) was demonstrated after 60 mins hydrolysis with molecular weight (MW) ranged from less than 14.4 kDa to approximately 25 kDa. The hydrolysate might be categorized as a weak to moderate antioxidant. Based on the molecular identification, the golden sea cucumber had 99% similarities with Stichopus horrens and S. monotuberculatus.

KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN KEPADATAN TERIPANG BERDASARKAN KARAKTERISTIK HABITAT (LAMUN DAN KARANG) DI PERAIRAN DESA BANABUNGI KEC. KADATUA KAB. BUTON SELATAN

Teripang merupakan salah satu hewan dari filum Echinodermata yang memiliki peranan secara ekologis maupun ekonomis. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan September 2018 dan bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman dan kepadatan teripang berdasarkan karakteristik habitat lamun dan karang. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan metode transek kuadrat (1×1 m2) dengan panjang transek garis 100 m. Pengambilan data dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali pada tiap stasiun, yakni pada siang hari dan malam hari dengan jarak yang menyesuaikan dengan keberadaan teripang. Jenis teripang yang diperoleh yaitu Actinopyga miliaris,Stichopus horrens, Bohadschia vitiensis, Bohadschia similis, Actinopyga lecanora, Stichopus chloramatus, Holothuria pardalis, Stichopus variegatus, Synapta maculata, Halothuria scabra. Kepadatan (Di) teripang yang diperoleh berkisar antara 0,1 - 0,16 (siang hari) dan 0,66 - 6,66 (malam hari). Indeks keanekaragaman (H') diperoleh berkisar antara 1,06 – 1,19 (siang hari) dan 1,16 – 1,68 (malam hari). Indeks keseragaman jenis (E) diperoleh berkisar antara 0,86 – 0,97 (siang hari) dan 0,72 – 0,83 (malam hari). Indeks dominansi (D) diperoleh berkisar antara 0,34 – 0,35 (siang hari) dan 0,22 – 0,36 (malam hari). persentase tutupan lamun teringgi terdapat pada stasiun II dengan nilai persentase rata-rata sebesar 112,54 % dan persentase terendah terdapat pada stasiun I dengan nilai persentase rata-rata sebsesar 74,68 %. Kondisi substrat pada lokasi penelitian adalah kerikil kecil, pasir sangat kasar dan pasir sangat halus.Kata Kunci: Teripang, Keanekaragaman, Kepadatan.