Identifying Forest Structural Types along an Aridity Gradient in Peninsular Spain: Integrating Low-Density LiDAR, Forest Inventory, and Aridity Index

Forest structure is a key driver of forest functional processes. The characterization of forest structure across spatiotemporal scales is essential for forest monitoring and management. LiDAR data have proven particularly useful for cost-effectively estimating forest structural attributes. This paper evaluates the ability of combined forest inventory data and low-density discrete return airborne LiDAR data to discriminate main forest structural types in the Mediterranean-temperate transition ecotone. Firstly, we used six structural variables from the Spanish National Forest Inventory (SNFI) and an aridity index in a k-medoids algorithm to define the forest structural types. These variables were calculated for 2770 SNFI plots. We identified the main species for each structural type using the SNFI. Secondly, we developed a Random Forest model to predict the spatial distribution of structural types and create wall-to-wall maps from LiDAR data. The k-medoids clustering algorithm enabled the identification of four clusters of forest structures. A total of six out of forty-one potential LiDAR metrics were utilized in our Random Forest, after evaluating their importance in the Random Forest model. Selected metrics were, in decreasing order of importance, the percentage of all returns above 2 m, mean height of the canopy profile, the difference between the 90th and 50th height percentiles, the area under the canopy curve, and the 5th and the 95th percentile of the return heights. The model yielded an overall accuracy of 64.18%. The producer’s accuracy ranged between 36.11% and 88.93%. Our results confirm the potential of this approximation for the continuous monitoring of forest structures, which is key to guiding forest management in this region.

АНГЛІЙСЬКЕ ВЛАСНЕ ІМ’Я JACK І ПОХІДНІ ВІД НЬОГО ЕПОНІМИ: ГНІЗДОВЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ

The English name Jack is one of the most common names in English-speaking countries, which has become a derivate for a large number of derived eponyms. The lack of a comprehensive study of this word family determines the relevance of our research. The article is made within the framework of comparative-historical linguistics, lexical semantics, and onomastics. The article aims to explore the structure of the derivative-semantic word family with a stem anthroponym eng. Jack. As a result, the structural types of secondary word family constituents and the main directions of semantic evolution of the creative lexeme and its common nouns derivatives, including phraseological units, were identified. All derived eponyms of the name Jack were divided into the following micro-families: representatives of living nature (males, plants, animals), inanimate objects (mechanisms – any things that have replaced human labor or with which something can be done) and an intermediate link of lexemes denoting the image of a man.

Семантическая обусловленность структуры конструкций с глаголами речи

Introduction. Explanatory constructions in the Buryat language, namely, those with verbs of speech as their main predicate, have not been studied in detail so far. Their systematic study involves a detailed analysis of both the semantics of the predicate of the main clause and the structure of the entire construction. The purpose of the article was to identify the correlation between the semantics of verbs of speech and the structural type of constructions. For the purpose, it was necessary i) to identify the group of verbs of speech, ii) to make an inventory of the structures in question, iii) to identify their structural types and specific characteristics, iv) to distribute verbs of speech according to structural types, and v) to study the interdependence between the semantics of verbs and the types of constructions. Original literary texts of the Buryat electronic corps served as material for the study. Linguistic observation, description, component analysis, and structural modeling were used as methods of the analysis. Research results. Buryat explanatory clauses are of the three structural types: participial, participial with postpositions, and bifinite constructions. Each of them specializes in expressing information of a particular level of abstraction: bifinite constructions introduce direct speech; participial constructions with the accusative case of the dependent predicate convey indirect speech; participial constructions with postpositions name the theme. As the analysis of the distribution of verbs of speech by structural types shows, verbs with semantics suggesting a long speech act like ‘to tell’ are more often used in bifinite and postpositional constructions. Those with the meaning of a short speech act, or of the type ‘to add’, implement the valence of the speech in constructions with direct speech and conjunction gezhe. Verbs of speech that differ in their role in communication, for example, asuu-, hura- (ask), implement the valence of the speech in bifinite constructions with gezhe and participles in the accusative case. The author concluded that the structure of the constructions under study is largely dependent on the semantics of the verbs of speech.

Словотвірний потенціал префіксальних дієслів зі значенням «переміщення вгору» в українській і польській мовах (зіставно-типологічний аспект)

The Derivational Potential of Prefixed Verbs with the Meaning of ‘Moving Upwards’ in the Ukrainian and Polish Languages (Comparative and Typological Aspects) This article is devoted to the derivational potential of prefixed verbs with the meaning ‘moving upwards’ in the Ukrainian and Polish languages in comparative and typological aspects. The study identifies the main factors that affect the derivational behaviour of the verbs in focus, delineates the structural types of specific derivational paradigms according to the number of word-class blocks of the deverbatives, reconstructs a typical derivational paradigm of the verbs under study, pinpoints the derivational meanings which fill this paradigm, and determines the ways of realisation of derivational meaning. The study found that prefixed verbs have a significant derivational potential. Based on a comparative analysis of derivational paradigms, it was established how prefixed verbs with the meaning of ‘moving upwards’ in the Ukrainian and Polish languages realise their derivational potential according to the following parameters: (1) the word-formative potential of the same lexical-semantic group to generate derivatives which belong to various blocks; (2) the derivational meanings of a typical derivational paradigm realised by derivatives in each of the compared languages; (3) the statistical pattern of derivational paradigm; (4) the degree of correspondence of the derivative potential of equivalent root words in the studied group; (5) correlate sets of derivational formants which are involved in the realisation of derivational meanings in a typical derivational paradigm; (6) the ways of formation of deverbatives in each of the languages, which reveals both common features and differences between them. Potencjał słowotwórczy czasowników przedrostkowych o znaczeniu ‘przemieszczać ku górze’ w języku ukraińskim i polskim (aspekt porównawczy i typologiczny) Artykuł skupia się na potencjale słowotwórczym czasowników przedrost­kowych o znaczeniu ‘przemieszczać ku górze’ w języku ukraińskim i polskim w aspekcie porównawczym i typologicznym. W toku badań ustalono główne czynniki wpływające na zachowanie słowotwórcze analizowanych czasowników, wyodrębniono typy strukturalne konkretnych paradygmatów słowotwórczych w zależności od liczby bloków części mowy, do jakich należą dewerbatywy, zrekonstruowano typowy paradygmat słowotwórczy analizowanych czasow­ników, wskazano znaczenia słowotwórcze, które wypełniają ten paradygmat, oraz określono sposoby realizacji znaczenia słowotwórczego. Badania wyka­zały, że czasowniki przedrostkowe mają znaczący potencjał słowotwórczy. Na podstawie analizy porównawczej paradygmatów słowotwórczych ustalono, w jaki sposób czasowniki przedrostkowe o znaczeniu ‘przemieszczać ku górze’ w języku ukraińskim i polskim realizują swój potencjał słowotwórczy według następujących parametrów: (1) potencjał słowotwórczy tej samej grupy leksykalno-semantycznej do generowania derywatów należących do różnych bloków; (2) znaczenia słowotwórcze typowego paradygmatu derywacyjnego, realizowane przez derywaty w porównywanych językach; (3) statystyczny schemat paradygmatu derywacyjnego; (4) stopień zgodności potencjału słowo­twórczego ekwiwalentów słów podstawowych w badanej grupie czasowników; (5) powiązane zbiory formantów derywacyjnych funkcjonujące w realizacji znaczeń w typowym paradygmacie słowotwórczym; (6) sposoby formowania dewerbatywów w porównywanych językach, ujawniające zarówno wspólne cechy, jak i różnice między nimi.

The Type of “Multiple” Narrator and Its Embodiment in Large Postmodern Genre Forms. Based on the Novel “Olive Kitteridge” by E. Strout

The present article concentrates on the concept of “narrative” as a literary category, its characteristics and structural elements. The authors of the article concretize the idea of “narrative”, analyze the main narrative theories, and compare the basic concepts of narratology in the scientific works of outstanding scholars. The “multiple” narrator can be found in the works of original genre with complex compositional and narrative structure. In such narrative structures, the narrator can create his own “reality”, his own author's myth through the view angle of each character. This is typical of modern genre forms, where the plot is built on new genre canons, such as novel forms of the “talk show” format or “SMS” novel. The “multiple” narrator forms the structure, provides plot-compositional unity, “leads” narrative story and influences the genre modification of the literary work. Structural types of “multiple” narrator can perceive the reality subjectively and have the ability to present their own vision of reality and interact with other narrative components such as narrator, recipient, author-demiurge, the signs of which are closely interwoven in the modern text. The narrative component of the novel “Olive Kitteridge” by E. Strout is examined in the article as multi-vector, characterized by free narrative and by a heterodiegetic narrator in an extradiegetic situation.

Typologizing nominal expressions: the noun phrase and beyond

This article develops foundations for a new typology of nominal expressions. Despite the significant diversity attested in languages around the world, a view traditionally and sometimes still found holds that languages either have ‘classic’, rigidly structured noun phrases (NPs) or lack them. A simple dichotomy, however, does not adequately represent the significant language-internal and crosslinguistic diversity of forms and functions of nominal expressions. While many linguists may not in fact think in such binary terms, a comprehensive typology is still wanting. This article offers foundations towards such a typology, with a particular emphasis on language-internal diversity. This diversity within languages has received little attention in previous studies, even while it reveals much about the actual complexity in the nominal domain. Besides surveying structural types and their motivating factors across as well as within languages from around the world, this article approaches nominal expressions also from a variety of other perspectives to enrich our understanding of them. This includes approaching nominal expressions from the perspective of word class systems as well as diachronically. We round off the article by looking at the impact of orality-literacy dimensions and communicative modes.

Fenomena of compression, extension and quantitative equacomponence in the syntactic synonymy (based on French fiction of the 20th – the beginning of the 21st c.)

In this article the mono- and polypredicative utterances with syntactic synonymy of French fiction of the 20th – the beginning of the 21st c. are studied in the continuum language → discourse as transforms of virtual (linguistic) primary (pivotal) structures which are actualized in the form of mono- and polysynonymic compressed, extended and quantitatively equacomponential co(n)textually preferential options. The goal of this research is to distinguish the different semantic-structural types of analyzed constructions of modern French fiction and to inversely (discourse → language) reconstruct the primary structure of actualized synonymic transforms. In the article the transformational method is used to reveal the semantic-structural peculiarities of the pivotal syntagmata and propositions and of the mono- and polysynonymic transforms; and the method of the inverse reconstruction of virtual transformational processes in order to identify all the members of synonymic chains. It was proved that the redundant synonymic constructions are extended with adverbs, pronouns and predicates (active and passive extension), the compression is manifested most often by the contamination and the semantic and syntagmatic ellipsis. The elliptical constructions are defined in the research as structures with the implicit nominal/pronominal component and with the explicit, explicit-implicit or completely implicit predicate or the structures with the implicit complement where the implicit components are deduced associatively or co(n)textually. The different types of synonymic preferential options with the polysynonymisation at the level of syntagma or utterances were detected in modern French fiction. It was concluded that the author actualizes the mono- and polypredicative mono- and polysynonymiс constructions according to some communicative intention and planning of narration.

Structural and word-forming features of microtoponyms of Donetsk region

Problem statement. Despite the fact that microtoponyms belong to the most numerous class of onyms, so far such names of Donetsk region have been studied sporadically and superficially. It is important to identify and record such onyms, so as not to lose forever.The purpose of the article is to analyze the structural and word-forming or- ganization of microtoponyms of Donetsk region.Research methods. The method of research of structural and word-forming features of microtoponyms is based on the questionnaires and interviews (for collecting microtoponymic material) and methods: descriptive (for inventory, classification and interpretation of microtoponyms), structural (for describing structural features of simple, complex and compound onyms), quantitative anal- ysis (to establish the performance of structural types, word-forming methods and manners).The main results of the study. The simple, complex and compound names are revealed based on the analysis of the structural and word-forming organiza- tion of microtoponymy of Donetsk region. Simple names of small geographical objects are formed by lexical-semantic, morphological, basic, morphologi- cal-syntactic and lexical-syntactic methods. The most productive is the lexi- cal-semantic way of creating microtoponyms. Among the suffix derivatives, names with productive forms -ivk- (-ovk-, -evk-), -k- were found. In the micro- toponymy of Donetsk region a large number of compound names is recorded, among which we single out two-word, prepositional constructions, multicom- ponent microtoponyms and predicative constructions.Conclusions and prospects. The results of the study show that the microto- ponymy of Donetsk region is diverse in terms of structure and methods and means of forming. We see the prospect of exploration in: 1) collecting the names of micro-objects of other settlements in the Donetsk region; 2) to investigate the structural and word-forming features of microtoponyms of other cities / villages of Donetsk region; 2) to analyze the lexical and semantic features of such names of the named region.

Semantic And Structural Types Of Armenian Personal Names Borrowed From The Old And Middle Iranian Languages

Армянские собственные имена, имеющие иранское происхождение, являются ценными фактaми в плане освещения армяно-иранских отношений. Большинство этих имен собственных было заимствовано в период правления Аршакуни.