Modeling of habitat suitability for sea cucumber ranching in Sintok Island, Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia

Increasing demand for marine resources, such as sea cucumber, has led to widespread interest in their conservation, one of which is sea ranching. This study sought to identify habitat suitability for sea cucumber Holothuria scabra ranching. The proposed location was Sintok Island, one small island part of Karimunjawa Archipelagos. The HSI (Habitat Suitability Index) model was used to identify potential sites for sea cucumber ranching. Twelve habitat factors were used as input variables for the HSI model: sediment classification, water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, depth, transparency, current, depth, organic matter and chlorophyll-a of the sediment, seagrass density, and tide. The weighting of each habitat factor was defined through the Delphi method. Sediment classification and seagrass density were the most and less important condition affecting the HSI of H. scabra in the different study areas with weighing index of 0.2191 and 0.015 respectively. The HSI of Southern Station (Station 1) was relatively low (0.79-0.81), meaning the site was not suitable for sea ranching of H. scabra. In contrast, the western (Station 2) and the northern part (Station 3) of Sintok Island, were preferable sites, suitable as habitats for restoration efforts in sea ranching.

Stichopodidae (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata) from Nyamuk Island, Karimunjawa National Park, Central of Java, Indonesia

Sea cucumbers have been the subject of increased worldwide interest for scientific knowledge, sustainable use and conservation purposes. One family found in Karimunjawa National Park Area, Jepara was Stichopudidae. The present work was aimed to identify the species of Stichopudidae caught from the waters around Nyamuk Island, Karimunjawa National Park prior to sea ranching for their conservation. The samples were taken during 2018-2019 directly from fisher, processor, traders and wholesaler. By fisher, collections relied on free diving (in depth of 5-10 meters); diving with compressor (in depth of 10-25 meters) and all sea cucumbers were capture by hand. In the processors, the species were samples taken before being processed. They usually were gutted/un-gutted, boiled, smoked or brined. The identification was done through their morphological characters. There were eleven species found belonged to two genera (Stichopus and Thelenota), i.e. Stichopus horrens, S. pseudohorrens, S. naso, S. vastus, S. chloronatus, S. herrmanni, S. monotuberculatus, S. ocellatus, S. quadrifasciatus, Thelenota anax and T. ananas. All Stichopodid sea cucumber called as gamet or gamat by all stake holders of sea cucumber fisheries. With the increasing demand and good price of these species, the conservation effort, especially through sea ranching was urged to be done.

Cucumaria in Russian Waters of the Barents Sea: Biological Aspects and Aquaculture Potential

Sea cucumbers are a popular luxury and delicacy food items in Asian markets. These echinoderms possess a wide range of bioactive substances that can be used to produce pharmaceutical products. Recent depletion of natural populations of sea cucumbers requires involving new objects both in commercial harvesting and aquaculture. The northern sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa is the most abundant sea cucumber in the Barents Sea. In this paper, we summarized literature data on the biology of this polar species to evaluate its fishery and aquaculture potential in the area. This eurythermic sea cucumber is typically occurs at 20–100 m depth. Cucumaria mainly colonize rocky or pebbly bottoms. Their main food items are detritus, pellets, phytoplankton, and small planktonic crustaceans. Spawning is registered in February–May. The age of commercial specimens (body length 25–30 cm, wet weight 300–350 g) is 10 years. The most abundant stocks of C. frondosa are registered in the central and south-eastern parts of the sea. Due to the low growth rate of Cucumaria the most appropriate cultivation method for these holothurians is a combination of larval culture and sea ranching. Coastal sites of the Barents Sea merit all the criteria for sea ranching of Cucumaria, but the development of their extensive aquaculture requires significant investments with long pay-back periods.

Kelimpahan dan Keanekaragaman Plankton Sebagai Bioindikator Kualitas Air di Perairan Pantai Sayung Kabupaten Demak Jawa Tengah

Sayung coast is a area with a growing residential, sea ranching, and industrial area. Those aspects produce create waste that could harm the environment, directly or indirectly. Plankton is a biologic component that is used to indicate the changes of water quality in waters that has been polluted. These goals of this research are to know the water quality in Sayung coast area from the abundance of the plankton, physical-chemical parameter of the water, and also the status of water saprobity. The samples are taken in July 2017 and April 2018, in Sayung coast waters, Demak. Plankton sampling and water from 5 sampling stasions are considered to represent the diversity of the plankton and water stability. Plankton is sampled using plankton net No.25, then preserved using 70% alcohol + 4% formaldehyde. The abiotic data measureted is nitrate content, temperature, pH, salinity, DO, and turbidity. Data analysis are done using Shannon Weiner’s diversity index (H’), diversty index (e), domination index (C), saprobic index. The result shows that there are 49 species of planktons are found, which are 38 fitoplankton, and 11 zooplankton. The highest group is Bacillariophyta which is 14,24%. The diversty index value of H’ 1,58 – 2,45; therefore the Sayung coast waters is catagorized as stable. The index value of e ranges from 0,64 – 1; index C values ranges from 0,08 – 0,22; and the saprobirity index value is in β-Meso/Polisaprobik to α-Mesosaprobik phase with a very light to very high pollution levels. The physical-chemical parameter analysis of Sayung coast waters in overall is still suitable to support plankton’s life.

Dispersal of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) from a coastal embayment following a recreational fisheries enhancement stocking program: attempts to integrate aquaculture and habitat-based initiatives

Fisheries enhancement initiatives including marine stocking and artificial reef deployments are becoming increasingly common in many parts of the world. Combining the two by releasing hatchery reared fish onto artificial reefs is used in sea-ranching operations but is an approach rarely adopted for recreational fisheries. Yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) form a valuable recreational fishery in Australia and in 2018 a pilot stocking program was initiated to enhance this fishery. Fish were released onto estuarine artificial reefs in Botany Bay to evaluate if estuarine artificial reefs are suitable release habitat for juvenile yellowtail kingfish and to monitor their dispersal patterns using acoustic telemetry and a tag-recapture program. Both approaches showed similar patterns, indicating juvenile yellowtail kingfish rapidly dispersed from the release location and can travel at least 60 km during their first weeks in the wild. Twenty percent of the acoustically tagged fish entered nearby estuaries to the north and south and tagged fish were also recaptured in these estuaries, indicating that the estuaries provide habitat for juveniles. There was little interaction between stocked fish and two large coastal artificial reefs positioned near Botany Bay. Stocked yellowtail kingfish will likely disperse rapidly from release locations which is consistent with their pelagic life history. While this may present challenges to fisheries managers, increasing release numbers to maintain stocking densities over a broader area may provide a solution. Future releases of fish on coastal natural and artificial reefs are an important next step in refining stocking practices for this species and will help further identify key juvenile habitats.

Developing and integrating enhancement strategies to improve and restore fisheries

Fisheries enhancements are management approaches involving the use of aquaculture and habitat technologies (in the broadest sense) to enhance or restore fisheries. The technologies most commonly used include hatchery rearing and release of aquatic animals and provision of artificial structures such as artificial reefs. Both are associated with distinct fields of knowledge and communities of practice. Recent calls to expand and broaden the role of aquaculture and habitat enhancements in marine conservation and an increasingly integrated view of living marine resource management have led to an aspirational broadening of concepts in this area. The 10th William R and Lenore Mote Symposium and 6th International Symposium on Stock Enhancement and Sea Ranching aimed to advance and integrate knowledge across enhancement technologies and practices. Substantial progress was noted in multiple technical areas such as understanding the potential and limitations for rearing organisms fit for release into the wild, and the design of artificial reefs to enhance local fish abundance. Crucial higher-level goals such as effectively enhancing or restoring fish abundance and fisheries at the stock level continue to receive insufficient attention across the enhancement sciences. Integration of enhancement strategies provides opportunities and challenges including a need to recognize, cross-discover, and engage other distinct areas of knowledge and communities of practice. A quick reference guide is provided to facilitate this process.

PEMANFAATAN IKAN NAPOLEON (Cheilinus undulatus Rüppell 1835) MELALUI SISTEM PERIKANAN BUDIDAYA DI KABUPATEN NATUNA

Indonesia merupakan salah satu daerah penyebaran dan pengekspor ikan napoleon (Cheilinus undulatus Rüppell 1835) di dunia. Pemanfatan jenis ikan ini telah diatur baik ditingkat nasional yang dilindungi terbatas berdasarkan ukuran dan ditingkat internasional masuk di dalam daftar Appendiks II CITES. Salah satu kabupaten di Indonesia yang memiliki sumber daya ikan napoleon melimpah adalah Kabupaten Natuna. Pemanfaatan sumber daya ikan napoleon dengan cara membesarkan anakan yang ditangkap dari alam. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kegiatan pemanfaatan dan opsi pengelolaan sumber daya ikan napoleon di Kabupaten Natuna. Metodologi pengumpulan data dan informasi dilakukan dengan studi literatur yang dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil sintesis menunjukkan, kegiatan pemanfaatan ikan napoleon di Kabupaten Natuna terdiri atas penangkapan benih di alam dan pembesaran di karamba. Kedua kegiatan tersebut merupakan sebagai rangkaian kegiatan yang tidak terpisahkan sehingga membentuk sistem perikanan budidaya. Hasil identifikasi terhadap kode sumber produksi hasil kegiatan budidaya ikan napoleon di Kabupaten Natuna sebagai penangkaran (ranching/”R”). Oleh karena itu, volume kuota ekspor ikan napoleon dari Kabupaten Natuna diberikan di luar volume kuota yang selama ini berlaku. Pengembangan sistem budidaya tersebut harus mempertimbangkan prinsip kehati-hatian di dalam penangkapan anakan dari alam. Keadaan ini perlu dilakukan upaya pengelolaan yang tepat melalui: i) pembatasan ukuran anakan ikan yang ditangkap; ii) membentuk kawasan suaka perikanan; iii) restoking hasil budidaya ke alam; iv) pengendalian penangkapan dan v) pengembangan kelembagaan pemanfaat.Indonesia is one of the distribution regions and exporter country of napoleon fish (Cheilinus undulatus Rüppell 1835) in the world. The utilization of this species has been regulated at the national level with limited protection based on size and at the international level included in the CITES Appendix II. Natuna waters are one of distribution area of napoleon fish in Indonesia, where it could be found in the high abundance. Utilization of napoleon resources by raising juvenile were captured from nature. The aim of this paper is to described the utilization activities and management options of napoleon in Natuna Regency. Data and information were collected through literature study then descriptively analized. Result showed that the sea ranching activity are divided into two main steps, there are catch of juvenile in nature and growing up the juvenile in cage. The both of these activities are as a series of activities that are inseparable part, so establish aquaculture system. Identification results to the source code of aquaculture activity production of napoleon in Natura Regency as a rancing/R. Therefore, the quota volume of napoleon export from Natuna regency is given outside the quota volume that has been in force. The development of the aquaculture system must consider the precautionary principle in the capturing juvenile from nature. To improve the management measures of napoleon fish in Natuna waters, the sea ranching activity is need to be combined with: i) limitation of fish size caught in nature, ii) develop napoleon fish sanctuary in nature to protect napoleon fish brooder, iii) restocking of sea ranched fish, iv) effort control, v) governance development of napoleon fish stake holder.

PENGELOLAAN SUMBER DAYA IKAN NAPOLEON (Cheilinus undulatus) DI PERAIRAN KEPULAUAN ANAMBAS

Saat ini perdagangan ikan napoleon masih dikategorikan sebagai perdagangan ilegal. Agar memenuhi legalitas maka perlu dirumuskan opsi pemanfaatan terbatas yang merubah kode status menjadi Ranching (R), sesuai dengan Management Authority dan ketentuan CITES. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji opsi pengelolaan ikan napoleon di Perairan Kepulauan Anambas dalam upaya memenuhi ketentuan Management Authority dan CITES sehingga terjamin kelestarian biota tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah tinjauan hasil penelitian/informasi tentang ikan napoleon di sekitar Anambas. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa ciri khas perairan kepulauan Anambas adalah kemunculan post larvae dan juvenile ikan napoleon secara periodik dan berkesinambungan di perairan dangkal (daerah nursery ground). Kemunculan benih tersebut dimanfaatkan oleh sebagian nelayan dalam kegiatan pembesaran ikan napoleon (Sistem KJA). Kegiatan perikanan tersebut menguntungkan dengan adanya pasar lokal maupun pasar luar negeri. Oleh karena ikan napoleon masuk dalam daftar biota yang dilindungi, maka diperlukan opsi pembenahan pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan terbatas sumberdaya ikan napoleon melalui Sea Ranching dengan CBA (Capture Based of Aquaculture) yang memenuhi konsep sustainability (keberlanjutan), tracebility (keterlacakan) dan legality (legalitas). Kebijakan pengelolaan dan konservasi diarahkan dalam bentuk pemanfaatan terbatas, perlindungan sumberdaya ikan napoleon dan habitatnya. Oleh karena itu diperlukan penetapan standarisasi prosedur kegiatan (SOP), penetapan aplikasi pengembangan sea ranching ikan napoleon dan pakan alamiahnya, serta penentuan daya dukung pengembangan sea ranching di perairan Kepulauan Anambas.At present, the trade in Napoleon fish is still categorized as illegal trade. In order to fulfill the legality, it is necessary to formulate a limited utilization option that changes the status code to Ranching (R), in accordance with the provisions of Management Authority and CITES. This paper aims to examine the management options of Napoleon fish in the Anambas Islands waters in an effort to fulfill the provisions of Management Authority and CITES, so the sustainability of the biota can be guaranteed. The method used is a review of the results of research / information about Napoleon fish around Anambas. The results of the study showed that the characteristic of Anambas Island waters was the occurrence of post larvae and juvenile napoleon fishes periodically and continuously in shallow waters (nursery ground areas). The occurrence of these seeds is used by some fishermen in the napoleon fish enlargement activity (KJA System). The fishery activities are profitable with the presence of local markets and foreign markets. Because Napoleon fish is included in the list of protected biota, it is necessary to revitalize management and limited utilization of Napoleon fish resources through Sea Ranching, one of which is CBA (Capture Based of Aquaculture) by fulfilling the concepts of sustainability, traceability and legality. Management and conservation policies are directed in the form of limited utilization, protection of Napoleon fish resources and their habitats. Therefore, standardization of activity procedures (SOP) is required, application of Napoleon fish sea ranching and natural food development, and carrying capacity determination of sea ranching development in Anambas Islands waters.