Modelling of unmanned aircraft visibility for see-and-avoid operations

With more unmanned aircraft (UA) becoming airborne each day, an already high manned aircraft to UA exposure rate continues to grow. Pilots and rulemaking authorities realize that UA visibility is a real, but unquantified, threat to operations under the see-and-avoid concept. To finally quantify the threat, a novel contrast-based UA visibility model is constructed here using collected empirical data as well as previous work on the factors affecting visibility. This work showed that UA visibility <1300 m makes a midair collision a serious threat if a manned aircraft and a UA are on a collision course while operating under the see-and-avoid concept. Similarly, this work also showed that a midair collision may be unavoidable when UA visibility is <400 m. Validating pilot and rulemaking authority concerns, this work demonstrated that UA visibility distances <1300 and <400 m occur often in the real world. Finally, the model produced UA visibility lookup tables that may prove useful to rulemaking authorities such as the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration and International Civil Aviation Organization for future work in the proof of equivalency of detect and avoid operations. Until then, pilots flying at slower airspeeds in the vicinity of UA may improve safety margins.

Paparan Selektif Penggunaan Fitur Senyap dan Teman Dekat pada Twitter dan Instagram

Social media has become a part of human’s life. Social Networking Sites or SNS which a part of social media allows the users to create their own network. Not only that but users can also choose their friends, what kind of content they want to see, what kind of relationship then want to have, or to keep certain content just for a few people to see through social media. A few features like mute feature to close friends feature are there for users to use on Twitter and Instagram. This research will try to find out how those features are being used by the users and why those features are needed. In depth interview is used to six informants who use the mute and close friend feature on Twitter or Instagram. Selective exposure theory is used to see how someone is more interested in seeing contents that match their believes and interests. It shows that mute feature is used to filter some stuff that they want to see and avoid things they don’t like. The mute feature also useful for keeping the relationship in a good term between the users and other people. Meanwhile, close friends feature is used to maintain the connection users have with a few people where they can share stuff to those people only. Users also think that close friends feature is useful to protect their privacy.

Activity Theory as a Framework for Integrating Uas Into the Nas: A Field Study of Crew Member Activity During Uas Operations Near a Non-Towered Airport

An Activity Theory framework was applied in investigating the pressing issue of Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) integration into the National Airspace System. As stated in the FAA’s UAS Operational Approval policy notice, the UAS pilot and/or crew are collectively responsible for successfully exercising see-and-avoid duties. To describe how this is achieved in practice, field recordings of visual observers and other UAS crewmembers were collected during three phases of a long-endurance UAS flight test: takeoff, mid-flight, and landing. Four separate radio communications channels were utilized, and pilots’ workload was offloaded in three ways: takeoff and landing flight dynamics were offloaded to the external pilot, see-and-avoid duties were offloaded to visual observers, and some communications were offloaded to the mission commander. Visual observers relied on a combination of visual perception, communication, and team coordination skills to assist pilots and the mission commander in effectively accomplishing see-and-avoid duties during UAS operations.

Time-Interval Emphasis in an Aeronautical Dual-Task Context: A Countermeasure to Task Absorption

Objective: We tested a training method intended to prevent unsafe aeronautical behavior (i.e., too much time spent gazing inside the cockpit) induced by the modern cockpit, by teaching individuals to perform a task complementing the see-and-avoid mandatory safety task within a limited time interval. Background: Aeronautical activities led crews to perform several tasks simultaneously in an ergonomic environment under constant change. See and avoid remains one of the main safety tasks during visual flight. However, modern cockpits induce absorption and impair performance of this safety task. Many laboratory studies showed the relevance of training methods for managing dual-task situations and estimating time intervals. Method: A specific virtual environment was developed to expose participants to a dual-task situation in which time-interval emphasis was provided in real time. Two types of emphasis training were tested: a permissive one that allowed participants to pursue the inside-cockpit task beyond the time limit and a nonpermissive one that did not. Results: The best time-interval acquisition, with retention up to 24 hr later, was observed in the nonpermissive condition, but task performances immediately after the training sessions were equivalent across conditions. Conclusion: Time-emphasis training appears to be an efficient means of promoting absorption resistance while preserving task performance. Transferability of time-interval estimation skills has yet to be tested. Application: Most areas of application for absorption resistance (aviation, shipping, rail, road, etc.) could benefit from this type of training to manage multitask situations.