Endosulfan insecticide removal planning with bioaugmentation-landfarming bioremediation method

Endosulfan is a toxic organochlorine insecticide and is persistent in the environment. Endosulfan residue can be accumulated underground and lower soil quality, pollute water sources, and create bioaugmentation. This research aims to gather required information and study the potential of bacteria consortium consists of Bordetella sp., Bordetella petrii, and Achromobactery xylosoxidans to remediate endosulfan polluted soil. Bioremediation on laboratory scale conducted in a soil reactor, the pH level of 7, 20% humidity, and adjusted temperature to field temperature. Endosulfan was added into a reactor with a concentration of 2mg/g. The bacteria consortium utilized endosulfan as a nutrient source to decently grow up until this research was finished on the 30th day. Maximum removal occurred on upper layer soil with 99% of alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan removal rates. Pilot-scale removal can be implemented with landfarming bioremediation. Two (2) processing beds were prepared with 15m of length, 7.5m of width, and 0.5m of height. This method was able to remove 99% of endosulfan in just 457.75 hours. This research can be implemented to remediate endosulfan polluted soil through the bioremediation method by utilizing bacteria consortium.

The effect of endosulfan bioaccumulation on the growth of carp, Cyprinus carpio LINN.

<p>This research was done in order to determine the effect of endosulfan biaccumulation on the growth of carp (<em>Cyprinus carpio</em>). This research was conducted in 40 l of glass aquaria, the initial weight of carp was 0.81±0.098 g/fish, and the pesticide endosulfan with active ingredient of 350 g/l was used as test solution. Preliminary research was conducted with bioassay test to assess LC₅₀-96h of endosulfan for carp, and then the fish were exposed to some series of exposure concentration, those are 10; 30; and 50% of LC₅₀-96h value or 0.24; 0.72; and 1.2 mg/l for 12 weeks. Endosulfan residue analysis in the water and the body of the fish was conducted after: 0, 4, 12, 24, 48, 96, 144, 192, 264 of exposure hours by using liquid gas chromatography (LGC). Body weight of fish was measured weekly. This study resulted that endosulfan was very toxic to the carp with LC₅₀-96h value was 2.42 (2.206-2.652) mg/l. Endosulfan bioaccumulation of exposure concentration of 0.24; 0.72; and 1.20 mg/l were 67.93; 119.21; and 141.19 mg/kg respectively. Bioaccumulation of 119,21mg/kg significantly inhibit the growth of carp.</p> <p>Keywords: endosulfan, bioaccumulation, growth, carp</p> <p> </p> <p>ABSTRAK</p> <p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh biakumulasi insektisida endosulfan terhadap pertumbuhan ikan mas. Wadah penelitian berupa akuarium kaca, hewan uji adalah ikan mas berukuran 0,81±0,098 g/ekor, bahan uji berupa formulasi insektisida dengan bahan aktif endosulfan 350 g/l. penelitian diawali dengan uji hayati untuk menentukan nilai LC₅₀-96 jam endosulfan terhadap ikan mas, selanjutnya dilakukan pemaparan ikan mas selama 12 minggu dalam air dengan konsentrasi endosulfan yang berbeda, yaitu: 10, 30, dan 50% dari nilai LC₅₀-96 jam atau sebesar 0,24; 0,72; dan 1,20 mg/l. Analisis residu endosulfan dalam sample air dan ikan dilakukan setelah waktu pemaparan 0, 4, 12, 24, 48, 96, 144, 192, dan 264 jam dengan menggunakan kromatografi gas cair (GC), pengukuran bobot ikan dilakukan setiap minggu dengan menimbang berat total. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa insektisida endosulfan sangat toksik terhadap ikan mas dengan nilai LC₅₀-96 jam sebesar 2,42 (2,206-2,652) mg/l, bioakumulasi endosulfan pada konsentrasi perlakuan 0,24; 0,72; dan 1,20 mg/l secara berturut-turut adalah 67.93; 119,21; and 141,19 mg/kg. Bioakumulasi sebesar 119,21mg/kg secara nyata menghambat pertumbuhan ikan mas.</p> <p>Kata kunci: endosulfan, bioakumulasi, pertumbuhan, ikan mas</p>

RESIDUES IN MILK AND ORGANS IN A DAIRY HERD FOLLOWING ACUTE ENDOSULFAN INTOXICATION

Milk and organs were monitored for endosulfan residues in a dairy herd which had been acutely intoxicated by accidental exposure to endosulfan insecticide. Total endosulfan residue levels in postmortem samples from a carcass were 1,270 ppm in the rumen content and 4.2, 1.1, and 0.6 ppm in liver, kidney, and muscle tissue, respectively. Analysis of milk from cows which survived the poisoning revealed a level of greater than 1 ppm endosulfan immediately following the intoxication. This level decreased to 1 ppb at the end of 35 days and a half-life of approximately 3.9 days was calculated for endosulfan in milk.

Confirmation of Pesticide Residue Identity. IV. Derivative Formation in Solid Matrix for the Confirmation of α- and β-Endosulfan by Gas Chromatography

The new solid matrix derivation procedure has now been applied to the confirmation of endosulfan residue identity . This procedure in volves the conversion of endosulfans to the same diacetate in alumina impregnated with H2SO4 and acetic anhydride. Comparable yield of the diacetate was obtained from the present approach and from a previously reported acetylation method. The advantage of the present method over the reported procedure is also discussed.