RESIDUES IN MILK AND ORGANS IN A DAIRY HERD FOLLOWING ACUTE ENDOSULFAN INTOXICATION

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. BRAUN ◽  
B. T. LOBB
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Accidental Exposure ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Endosulfan Residue

Milk and organs were monitored for endosulfan residues in a dairy herd which had been acutely intoxicated by accidental exposure to endosulfan insecticide. Total endosulfan residue levels in postmortem samples from a carcass were 1,270 ppm in the rumen content and 4.2, 1.1, and 0.6 ppm in liver, kidney, and muscle tissue, respectively. Analysis of milk from cows which survived the poisoning revealed a level of greater than 1 ppm endosulfan immediately following the intoxication. This level decreased to 1 ppb at the end of 35 days and a half-life of approximately 3.9 days was calculated for endosulfan in milk.

Effect of Soil PH on Fluridone Activity and Persistence as Determined by Chlorophyll Measurements

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Shea ◽  
Jerome B. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Surface Concentration ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Residue Levels

Residue levels of fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone} in soil were determined indirectly by measuring the chlorophyll content of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) grown on a Norfolk sandy loam (Typic paleudult; fine loam, siliceous, thermic) 14, 22, 39, and66days after a preemergence application of the herbicide. The half-life for 0.22 and 0.45 kg/ha of fluridone was estimated to be 18 days. Phytotoxicity increased with increasing pH in newly-treated soils and in soil sampled 14 days after treatment. Higher chlorophyll levels in wheat grown in soil sampled 39 days after fluridone application indicated a decrease in biologically-active herbicide. Soil removed from the field following later cultivation produced small reductions in chlorophyll at pH 4.0 and 5.2, but at pH 7.0 significant fluridone activity was still present in the soil after 66 days. Cultivation may have increased the surface concentration of the herbicide.

Residues of famphur in bovine tissues and milk following its application as a pour-on insecticide

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (78) ◽  
pp. 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Annand ◽  
JHP Dingle ◽  
AB Heath ◽  
WA Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Topical Application ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
The Third ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Residue Levels

Three experiments were conducted to determine residues of famphur in tissues and milk of cattle following its topical application. Subcutaneous fat, sampled by biopsy, from animals treated at 150 mg famphur per kg body weight contained maximum residues of famphur (about 10 mg kg-1, average) one day after treatment. Levels of treatment at 50 mg kg-1 and 25 mg kg-1 yielded similar but lower residues after the same period (2.08 and 1.8 p.p.m, respectively). The half-life of famphur residues was independent of the initial residue levels and was calculated as 0.9 day. Mean residues were negligible (highest mean 0.08 p.p.m.) by five days after treatment. Post-mortem sampling of cattle treated with famphur at 45 mg kg-1 showed that at one day and seven days after treatment, residues in fats (up to 1.25 p.p.m. and 0.53 p.p.m. respectively) and muscle (1.41 p.p.m. and 0.71 p.p.m. respectively) were similar but were higher than the negligible levels (0.05 p.p.m. or less) found in liver and kidney. By 14 days, levels in all tissues were very low (0.11 p.p.m. or less). In milk from cows treated with 23 mg famphur kg-1, 76 per cent of the famphur was found in the butterfat and a maximum level (0.237 p.p.m.) in whole milk was found in the first milking after treatment. Residues were negligible (0.008 p.p.m.) by the third day.

scholarly journals Determination and Degradation of Methomyl in Tomatoes and Green Beans Grown in Greenhouses

1997 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
M D Gil Garcia ◽  
Martínez Vidal ◽  
M Martínez Galera ◽  
C Rodríguez Torreblanca ◽  
C Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Pesticide Analysis ◽  
Green Beans ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Flat Roof ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract A liquid chromatographic (LC) method using UV detection at 233 nm was used to study the degradation of methomyl in tomatoes and green beans grown in greenhouses. A liquid-liquid extraction with CH2CI2-methanol (90 + 10, v/v) and a cleanup step with Florisil were combined with LC to isolate, recover, and quantitate the pesticide. Average recoveries obtained at spike levels of 0.03 and 0.40 mg/kg were 83.2-84.7% for tomatoes and 83.387.5% for green beans. Determination limits were 0.03 mg/kg for tomatoes and 0.01 mg/kg for green beans. Levels of methomyl residues were studied in tomatoes and green beans grown in an experimental greenhouse to establish the effect of the kind of greenhouse, application dose, species grown, and climatic conditions on the degradation of this pesticide. Analysis of variance showed that doses did not affect the response. The half-life, however, is greater in a flat-roof greenhouse than in an asymmetric-roof greenhouse and is significantly longer for green beans than for tomatoes and longer in winter than in spring. A preharvest time of about 5 days may be suitable for green beans sprayed with methomyl. Tomatoes show residue levels at the time of application lower than Spanish minimum residue levels.

scholarly journals Dissipation of Pre-Harvest Pesticides on ‘Clementine’ Mandarins after Open Field Application, and Their Persistence When Stored under Conventional Postharvest Conditions

Horticulturae ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Natalia Besil ◽  
Verónica Cesio ◽  
Eleana Luque ◽  
Pedro Pintos ◽  
Fernando Rivas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
First Record ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Maximum Residue Limit ◽  
Order Model ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Citrus Production ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Model Equations

The dissipation of field-applied difenoconazole, imidacloprid, pyraclostrobin and spinosad on Clementine mandarins (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.) under controlled conditions throughout the citrus production chain was assessed. At harvest, 42 days after application, the dissipation of these pesticides were 80, 92, and 48% for difenoconazole, imidacloprid, pyraclostrobin, respectively, and spinosad was below the level of detectability. At day 28 after application, spinosad was no longer detected. The model equations that best describe the dissipation curves of these pesticides on Clementine mandarins showed different patterns. Their half-life on Clementine, calculated by the best-fitted experimental data, were 19.2 day (1st-order model) for difenoconazole, 4.1 day (Root Factor (RF) 1st-order model) for imidacloprid, 39.8 day (2nd-order model) for pyraclostrobin and 5.8 day (1st-order model) for spinosad. These results are the first record of pyraclostrobin persistence on mandarins, showing a longer half-life in this matrix than those reported for any other fruit. The treated fruit were harvested and submitted to the usual postharvest treatments: first, a hypochlorite drenching was performed; as a second step, imazalil and wax were applied, and then the mandarins were stored at 4 °C. After 32 days, cold storage caused no significant effects on the residue levels of the four pesticides compared with those determined on freshly harvested mandarins. All residues were below their Codex and European Union (EU) maximum residue limit (MRL) for mandarin since the spray application day.

Deposition and Retention of Chlorothalonil Applied to Peanut Foliage: Effects of Application Methods, Fungicide Formulations and Oil Additives1

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Brenneman ◽  
H. R. Sumner ◽  
G. W. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Center Pivot ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Initial Deposition ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Abstract Deposition and retention of chlorothalonil (CTL) on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) foliage was evaluated by surface-stripping leaf discs with toluene and determining the CTL concentration via gas chromatography. CTL was applied at 1.25 kg/ha via ground sprays, a center pivot-mounted underslung boom, or chemigation in 0.12, 1.7, or 17.8 kL of water/ha, respectively. Ground sprays resulted in the highest concentrations of CTL on peanut leaves followed by the underslung boom and chemigation, respectively. Residue levels were lower with the higher volume applications but were more uniformly distributed throughout the plant canopy. Deposition of chemigated CTL applied as Bravo 500(R), Bravo 720(R), or Bravo 720(R) plus either an emulsifiable vegetable oil (SoyOil 937(R) or a nonemulsifiable petroleum oil (UN Sunspray oil(R)) was also evaluated. Results of residue sampling at 0, 5, 9 and 14 days after treatment indicated that addition of either oil to Bravo 720(R) resulted in the highest initial deposition of fungicide followed by Bravo 500(R) and Bravo 720(R) alone, respectively. However, the half-life of CTL applied as Bravo 720(R) plus either oil was reduced as compared to the half-life for either Bravo 720(R) alone or Bravo 500(R). By day 14, concentrations of CTL had decreased by more than 93% in all treatments. The mean half-life of CTL for all treatments was 3.8, 4.8 and 4.8 days in the top, middle and bottom canopy layers, respectively.

scholarly journals Elimination of Chloramphenicol in Rainbow Trout Receiving Medicated Feed

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Bilandžić ◽  
Ivana Varenina ◽  
Sanin Tanković ◽  
Božica Kolanović
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Performance Limit ◽  
Commission Decision ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
Validation Parameters ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Trout Muscle

Elimination of Chloramphenicol in Rainbow Trout Receiving Medicated FeedChloramphenicol muscle residue levels in rainbow trout were determined after oral administration of 84 μg kg-1d-1 of chloramphenicol for four days. Samples were taken one day before treatment and for 43 days after the treatment was over. Chloramphenicol was analysed using an in-house enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) validated against the criteria of the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Validation parameters confirmed that the method was appropriate for the detection of chloramphenicol at levels below the minimum required performance limit (MRPL) of 0.3 μg kg-1. The highest chloramphenicol levels were observed on the first day after the treatment had ended (144.3 μg kg-1). Elimination was significant over the first seven days; significant differences were detected between days 1 and 3 (p<0.001), 3 and 5 (p<0.001), and 5 and 7 (p<0.05). Chloramphenicol levels dropped below MRPL to 0.17 μg kg-1 on day 9 after the end of treatment. From day 11 to 43, chloramphenicol residues were detectable in a range from 0.091 μg kg-1 (highest) to 0.011 μg kg-1 (lowest). Our results indicate that trout muscle tissue could be compliant with health requirements for consumption 10 days after withdrawal from chloramphenicol treatment.

Dieldrin in the Diet of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus): Uptake and Effect on Growth

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 2197-2204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray L. Argyle ◽  
George C. Williams ◽  
Clara B. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Ictalurus Punctatus ◽  
Channel Catfish ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Life Data ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Growth Differences ◽  
Effect On Growth

Fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were given diets containing 0, 0.4, 0.8, or 4.0 μg dieldrin/g of food (dry weight) for 210 days, followed by a dieldrin-free diet for 56 days. Catfish receiving 4.0 μg dieldrin/g of food gained about 17% less weight than the control fish in 210 days and about 35% less weight during the last 126 days of the 210-day period. No growth differences were attributable to the ingestion of 0.4 or 0.8 μg dieldrin/g of feed. Mortality during the experiment was random and not appreciable.Dieldrin accumulations were characterized by an immediate rapid rise of residue levels in the tissues, followed by a period during which concentrations were relatively stable. Residues in tissues decreased rapidly after dieldrin was withdrawn from the diet. Dieldrin half-life was 9.6 days (mean for the three groups).Theoretical residue concentrations calculated from the growth, feeding, and half-life data were similar to the empirical concentrations, although the theoretical values were consistently the higher. The recoverable concentration accounted for 25.7% (mean of the three treatments) of the theoretical concentration.

The uptake and depletion of fenitrothion in cattle, pasture and soil following spraying of pastures for locust control

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 915 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Gilmour ◽  
K. W. McDougall ◽  
P. Spurgin
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Half Life ◽  
New South ◽  
Organophosphorus Insecticide ◽  
Maximum Residue Limit ◽  
Legal Requirements ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Cattle Pasture ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Locust Control

Summary. Fenitrothion is an organophosphorus insecticide widely used for the control of locusts in Australia and overseas. It is sprayed on swarms and bands of locusts and on the pastures on which they feed. However, there is little Australian data on depletion rates of fenitrothion when used this way. Consequently, there has been concern that beef cattle producers may not be able to guarantee that their cattle meet legal requirements with respect to residue levels following grazing on sprayed pasture. This paper reports a study conducted in February 1998 in central western New South Wales on the rate of depletion of fenitrothion in cattle, pasture and soil after fenitrothion spraying. The cattle were 18-month-old heifers in forward store condition. Fenitrothion was detected in the fat of 7 of the 66 exposed cattle. Residues in 2 of these exceeded the Maximum Residue Limit of 0.05 mg/kg. No fenitrothion was detected in the fat of the 26 cattle slaughtered 14 days or later after treatment or in muscle and liver samples. The half life of fenitrothion was 2–3 days in the soil and 1–2 days in the pasture. We conclude that the 14-day slaughter withholding period currently approved by the National Registration Authority is appropriate.

scholarly journals Effects of Brining and Picking Time on The Degradation of Pesticide Residue in Grapevine Leaves

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 1773
Author(s):  
Rüstem Cangi ◽  
Yusuf Yanar ◽  
Yağmur Dülgeroğlu Yılmaz
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Pesticide Residue ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Effective Contact ◽  
Grapevine Leaves ◽  
Residue Levels

Intensive pesticide use in vineyard resulted in residue problem on vine leaves that are used as food. This study was aimed at development of a proper chemical control program to reduce the pesticide residue problem on vine (cv. Narince) leaves in vineyards during the growing period. The residues of some fungicides were determined according to spraying time in the fresh (unprocessed) and preserved (brined) leaves. Additionally, the effects of preservation process on degradation of the fungucides residues were investigated. In this study three fungicides (Azoxystrobin, Triadimenol, Hexaconazole) were applied alternately for both powdery mildew and “Colomerus vitis” management, and two fungucides (Copper oxychloride, Metalaxyl + Mancozeb) for downy mildew control. Additionaly vine leaves were harvested at two different times: (i) before the half-life of the pesticides were reached and (ii) after the half-life of the pesticides have elapsed. Two different methods were applied to preserve the vine leaves. In first treatment, leaf samples were boiled in hot (98±2°C) tap water, then leaves were placed into jars, then filled with brine containing 8.0% salt + 0.25% lactic acid. In second treatment, vine leaves were placed into jars, then filled with tap water and brine containing 8.0% salt+0.25% lactic acid. The residue levels of the fungicides were determined on leaves. Detectable copper and the other fungucide residues are compared according to Turkish Food Codex. Preserving applications were decreased fungicide and copper residue levels and hot water brining was decreased the levels of fungicide residues between 75.2% and 99.2%, according to the applications. As a result, systemic fungicides should not be used in vineyards in where pickled vine leaves are produced. It is proposed that better to use contact fungicides instead of systemic one and also viticulturists should be careful using the effective contact fungicides.

scholarly journals A Comparative Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Oral and Subcutaneous Meloxicam Administered to Postpartum Dairy Cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Shock ◽  
Steven Roche ◽  
Merle Olson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Analysis ◽  
Comparative Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Properties ◽  
Industry Needs ◽  
Dose Dependent

The dairy industry needs evidence-based solutions to mitigate painful procedures and conditions in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic properties of orally versus subcutaneously administered meloxicam in early-lactation dairy cattle. The study was conducted at a commercial dairy herd in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Twelve postpartum cows were enrolled in the study, receiving either subcutaneous meloxicam (MET) at 0.5 mg/kg body weight (n = 6) or oral meloxicam (MOS) at a higher dose of 1.0 mg/kg body weight (n = 6) immediately following parturition. The predicted half-life (12.5 ± 2.0 vs. 28.5 ± 2.0 h), Cmax (1.59 ± 0.15 vs. 1.95 ± 0.16 μg/mL), Tmax (5.33 vs. 11.7 h), and AUC0→∞ (39.6 ± 7.4 vs. 115.6 ± 19 h * µg/mL) differed significantly between MET and MOS cows, respectively. After controlling for the treatment group, first lactation cows had a significantly higher half-life (4.1 ± 2.1 h), Cmax (0.56 ± 0.2 µg/mL), and AUC0→∞ (21.6 ± h * µg/mL) relative to second lactation or greater cows, respectively. Administration of meloxicam through the subcutaneous or oral route results in appreciable, dose-dependent systemic levels.

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