Breastfeeding pattern based on nutritional status in 6-12 months old infants

Background: Malnutrition especially undernutrition is still concern for public health problems.Underweight in children will disrupt the learning process due to interference with the development of intelligence, more susceptible to infection and increase disease severity, to increase mortality. Objective: This study was conducted to asses the difference breastfeeding patterns include the breastmilk only duration and daily breastfeeding frequencies based on nutritional status in 6-12 months old infants. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, mothers (n=60) of infants aged 6-12 months old were recruited. The infant’s nutritional status was determined anthropometrically by 3 indexes ie body weight for age, length for age, and weight for length. Breastfeeding patterns include the breastmilk only duration and daily breastfeeding frequencies is obtained by interview and by 2x24 hour daily breastfeeding form. Kruskal-wallis test were used to evaluate the difference breastfeeding patterns based on nutritional status. Results: The average of brestmilk only duration was 3,21±2,41 months, and the average of daily breastfeeding frequencies was 12,46±3,8 times a day. Most of the respondents were in normal nutritional status (86,67% for W/A, 83,3% for L/A, and 85,0% for W/L). There were no difference in breastfeeding patterns either on breastmilk only durations or on daily breastfeeding frequencies based on nutritional status in 6-12 months old infants (p>0,05).Conclusion: Infant's nutritional status is determined more by the daily energy consumption of all infant foods, not only from breastmilk but also from complementary food.

Survival of root-infecting fungi in soil. XIII. Decomposition of flavonoids and other phenolics in soil and their effects on Fusarium root rot of bean

The flavonoids rutin and quercetin and two of their decomposition products, phloroglucinol and protocatechuic acid, were rapidly degraded in soil. Less than 10% of their phenolic nuclei were detected in soil, and from 27 to 57% of their structural carbons remained in soil after 9 weeks of incubation. Phenolic intermediates were not detected in soils amended with rutin or quercetin. There were no differences in the decomposition of any of the substrates in noninfested soil and in soils infested with F. solani f. sp. phaseoli. In pure culture, two virulent isolates of the pathogen could effectively metabolize a glucose–rhamnose mixture and protocatechuic acid, but only one of the isolates could use phloroglucinol and rutin to any great extent. When incorporated into soil at a rate of 0.1% and 0.3%, rutin, phloroglucinol, protocatechuic acid, and a glucose–rhamnose mixture significantly increased propagule numbers of the pathogen over that of the control. From 1 week, to the termination of the experiment after 9 weeks, more than 80% of the propagules of F. solani f. sp. phaseoli existed in the soils as chlamydospores. Propagule numbers were higher in soils amended with 0.3% substrate than in soils amended with 0.1% substrate, and the numbers 1 week after amendment addition were similar to those obtained 9 weeks after amendment addition. In the first and second crops of beans (planted 3 and 6 weeks after amendment incorporation), protocatechuic acid and phloroglucinol, at a concentration of 0.3%, were very effective in reducing root-rot severity. The other amendments, except quercetin, were effective in suppressing disease to various degrees. The effectiveness of the various amendments depended upon amendment concentration and time of planting. Quercetin, added to soil at either concentration, did not increase inoculum density but did increase disease severity.