"Poplars and Cypresses” – that is the phenomenon of popularity of Populus Italica in the Kingdom of Poland in the 19th century

Lombardy poplar is a tree with a distinctive cypress shape, which grows very fast and has little soil requirements. The species probably originated at the turn of the 17th and 18th century in Lombardy, where it spread via France and Germany, arriving at the territory of the Crown in the second half of the 18th century. However, it was only in the 19th century that its popularity reached its peak. The Lombardy poplar was being planted as a popular avenue plant. It was also an important part of the park complexes designed in a sentimental landscape style inspired by the work of Jean Jacques Rousseau. The article analyses the phenomenon of the popularity of poplar trees on the territory of the Kingdom of Poland in the context of the then literary and philosophical programme of the garden, whose two key sources are to be found in Arcadian literature – J. Milton's Paradise Lost, J. J. Rousseau's works such as New Heloise or Jacques Dellille's Gardens.

Substantiation of rejuvenating tree pruning of representatives of the genus Рopulus l. In the urban city aglomerations

Тополь пирамидальный и тополь Советский пирамидальный являются основными древесными породами, формирующими городские объекты озеленения на Юге России. Благодаря быстроте роста и устойчивости к засушливому климату с середины прошлого века тополи высаживали вдоль автомагистралей населенных пунктов. Спустя 40-60 лет у деревьев тополя отмечаются проблемы, которые заключаются в проявлении суховершинности крон и боковых скелетных ветвей. В статье отражены результаты исследований по изучению роста и анализа современного состояния тополя итальянского пирамидального и тополя Советского пирамидального в искусственно созданных рядовых посадках, расположенных вдоль автомобильной дороги «Харьковское шоссе» в г. Новочеркасске Ростовской области. На основании результатов, полученных в ходе исследования, доказано, что возраст деревьев тополя итальянского пирамидального при омолаживающей обрезке (кронировании) в условиях городов Юга России не должен превышать 50-ти лет. Тополь Советский пирамидальный характеризуется большей устойчивостью к внешним антропогенным факторам, у деревьев этого вида в меньшей степени отмечается суховершинность, поэтому омолаживающую обрезку можно проводить не ранее 60-ти лет. В процессе исследования установлено, что омолаживающая обрезка деревьев рода populus является необходимой операцией, которую требуется проводить в возрасте, когда начинает отмечаться суховершинность. После омолаживающей обрезке приросты порослевой части тополей составляют: 0,72 м/год у итальянского; 0,79 м/год у Советского, и уже на первый год вегетационного периода растения восстанавливают свою декоративность. Italian Lombardy poplar and Soviet Lombardy poplar are the main tree species form urban landscaping in the south of Russia. Due to the rapid growth and resistance to the arid climate, from the middle of the last century, poplars were planted along the highways of settlements. After 40-60 years, poplar trees are experiencing problems that are manifested in the dryness of crowns and lateral skeletal branches. The article reflects the research results of growth and current state analysis of Italian Lombardy poplar and Soviet Lombardy poplar. They growth in artificially regenerated stands located on the Kharkiv highway in Novocherkassk, Rostov region. The results of the study show that the age of Italian Lombardy poplar trees should not exceed 50 years in the South of Russia urban environment. Soviet Lombardy poplar have greater resistance to external anthropogenic factors. The trees of this species are less stagheaded, so the rejuvenating tree pruning can be carried out not earlier than 60 years. We found out that the rejuvenating tree pruning is a necessary operation for the trees of the genus populous. It must be carried out at the age when the stagheadedness begins to be noted. The increment of the poplars rejuvenating tree pruning are: 0.72 m/year in Italian; 0.79 m/year in the Soviet. They restore their decorativeness in the first year of the growing season.

Species specificity of woody trees adaptation at technogenically transformed urbanhabitats of the Kyiv megalopolisis

The recent ecological situation of Kyiv megalopolis has a special specific of environment technogenic pollution as a chemical features and content of polluting phytotoxicants. During 2007–2012, our observation revealed what the most dangerous factors which have harm impact on the street woody plants are the huge concentration of phytotoxic elements (Na+, Cl-, Pb2+, Cd2+). Nowadays, the technogenic impact on the megalopolyisis surrounding comes to the dangerous, even, catastrophic level. The main reason of total and chloral necrose of leaves, the summer defoliation of crown and major tree's death is the over pollution of the soil and plant's phytomass by phytotoxic elements, the concentration of which by standards evaluation and by trees reactions are critical and exists at the level of adaptation possibility and survival. The main sources of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions are transport outcomes (> 90 % of total technogenic pollution). The increasing of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in the soil is depended from intensivity of transport outcomes, using of ethylated petrol, and location of trees along roads as well as from the trees species. Continuously increasing of number of cars at the city streets is accompanying with similar increasing of ions concentration. Thus, in the soil around root system of street woody plants, depending from their location along roads, the concentration of Pb2+ (moving form) is between 41,7 (I. Kudri str.) and 102,6 mg\kg of soil (Nauki avenue). It exceeds the maximum permissible concentration (MPC), which is 20,8–51,3 mg\kg of soil. Next, for Norway maple (Acer platanoides) the concentration of Pb2+ in the soil varies from 41,7 to 80,5 mg / kg of soil in the area of the root system and it is around 20,8–40,2 MPC. In the leaves of this tree it is 7,83–13,5 mg / kg of dry mass (MPC is 15,8–27,0). For the horse chestnut (Aedculus hippocastanum) at the Nauka avenue, the concentration of plumbum in the root is 13,4 mg / kg (MPC is 26,8), in the cortex – 17,7 mg / kg (MPC is 35,4), in leaves – 8,21 mg / kg (MPC is 16,4), which by the normative evaluation are the critical concentrations. The source of Na+ and Cl-, which is a new factor for Kyiv megalopolis, is irregular load of high concentrations of industrial salt NaCl into the environment, as a way against black ice in winter time, where the Na+ ions ( mobile form) is in the high concentrations in leaves (0,76 % for Norway maple (Acer platanoides) on the I. Kudri str., 1,28 % – small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata) at the 40-richya Zhovtnya ave, 2,0 % – horse chestnut (Aedculus hippocastanum) at the Nauki ave), those are exceeded the concentration of the element comparing to the control test object, respectively, in 10,6, 12,8 and 5,0 times. Na+ ions are an aggressive phytotoxins and the main factor of leaves necrose of tree crown (within 70–100 % necrosis leaves in the crown). Degradation and total reduction of the specific weight of plants in the megalopolis environment are decrease the cleaning role of the street tree plants, which are the main alive filters for soil and air cleaning, as well as the main bioaccumulators and detoxicants of harm substances of anthropogenic pollution. Species adaptive specificity is revealed at the bioaccumulation level and the selective locality of phytotoxic elements (Na+, Cl-, Pb2+, Cd2+, agile form) in technourbanhabitats-pic conditions, there dominated bioaccumulation and localization of Na+ ions by trees assimilative system is caused the adaptive orientation of endogenic and intraspecific variability of phytoindicative morphophysiologic features of plants functional condition under the stressing factors. This also is defined the sensitivity of small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.), norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) to the big concentration of potassium as the most danger one for the plant survival. The biggest accumulation of Na+ ions at the roots of Lombardy poplar (Populus pyramidalis Roz.), Bolle's poplar (Populus bolleana Lauche) and sugar maple (Acer saccharinum L.) is lead to a higher resistance of their assimilation system. At the technourbohabitate-pic conditions, the level of realization of ontogenetic and phylogenetic adaptive capacity of the sensitive species of trees is harmfully low (21,3–44,3 %). It is at the level of survival/death of plants. The street Lombardy poplar, Bolle's poplar and sugar maple, despite of more higher level of their adaptation (68,4–87,7 %), still also can't fully adapt to the critical levels of technogenic pollution of megalopolis environment.