GENETIC VARIATION OF FRUIT TRAITS AMONG NATURAL POPULATIONS OF TERMINALIA PANICULATA ROTHIN SOUTHERN WESTERN GHATS, PENINSULAR INDIA

A reconnaissance survey was conducted in Southern Western Ghats, India to identify the wild populations of Terminalia paniculata. From the explorative survey, 16 natural populations from different localities of the study area were identified. Collected 36 fruits from each tree and fruit trait quantification of total 3456 fruits (36 x 16 x 6) from 16 populations were used for the study. Hierarchical clustering of selected populations and correlations among fruit traits and between tree traits and fruit traits visualised using a dendrogram. The results indicated significant differences in fruit traits like fruit fresh mass, fruit large wing length and fruit large wing width. Clustering of fruit characters for all the accessions revealed the genetic relatedness between accessions. It reveals that selected populations of T. paniculata belong to two major clusters and confirms that 16 populations are either adjacent or distant in-terms of fruit traits are independent of the geographical station. The relationship between fruit traits indicates a significant positive correlation between fruit traits ranging from 0.352 to 0.739. Even though fruit traits show significant correlation within, a non-significant and very week correlation was obtained with tree stand-up traits except tree girth with fruit large wing length (21.4 %).

The Effects of Co-Enzyme Q10 and Caffeine on Morphometric Characteristics of Queen Honey Bees

Honey bee queen quality is a critical factor of colony performance. Indications of such qualities can manifest themselves through morphological traits such as wet weight and thorax width. Improving such characteristics is driven in part by nutritional provision in queen-cell-builder hives. We investigated the potential to improve queen quality by adding coenzyme Q10 (endogenous antioxidant) and caffeine (central nervous system stimulator) to feeder syrup in queen-cell-builder colonies for 15 and 20 days prior to grafting, two sets of queens were reared. We recorded subsequent wet weight, body length, head width and length, thorax and wing width and length, and spermathecae diameter. The queen-cell acceptance rate was not affected by either treatment or graft period. Coenzyme Q10 increased wet weight, body and wing length in the first graft, and thorax width, wing length and spermathecae diameter in the second graft. The caffeine treatment increased head and thorax length in first graft and thorax width in the second. A mix of the two substances (coenzyme Q10 and caffeine) increased head width in the first graft and spermathecae diameter in the second graft. This study suggests that the application of coenzyme Q10 to cell-builder colonies at least 15 days prior to grafting can increase reared wet weight (the most significant quality indicator) and thorax width of queen bees.

The Effects on Screw Fasteners Spacing on Flexural Behavior and Strength Capacity of Cold-Formed Steel Built-Up Box Sections

The capacity and behaviour of cold-formed steel built-up sections are affected by the arrangement of the connections. This study aims to determine the effect of the screw spacing to the bending capacity and behaviour of the cold-formed steel built-up box section which made from lipped-channel (1.0 mm thick, 81 mm web height, 8.5 mm lip height, upper and lower wing width 38 mm and 40 mm). A total of 19 beams with a length of 1200 mm each are subjected to pure bending moments by applying two point loads spaced 600 mm in the midspan. The screw spacing variations in the moment span are 100 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm, 250 mm, 300 mm, 328 mm, and 350 mm. The test results show the average of bending capacity of the beam test is increasing with the reduction in screw spacing while the screw configuration also affects the beam capacity. Analysis of the bending capacity using the effective width method and the direct strength method based on AISI S100-16 gives very conservative results. The failure mode of the built-up box sections were observed in the form of local buckling, distortion, and lateral-torsional buckling.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study on Liquid Holding Capacity of Eeddy Current Tools

In view of the problems existing in the field application of eddy current tools, the research on eddy current tools drainage gas recovery was carried out.Based on Fluent software and ground experiments, the optimal structure size of the eddy current drainage gas production tool is determined as follows: the wing height of the helix is 1.5mm, the diameter of the helix is 50mm, the wing width of the helix is 2mm, and the helix Angle is 55°, which provides reference for field application.

SOME LINEAR MEASUREMENTS OF HONEY-BEE LIVINGIN THE VICINITY OF THE CITY OF BARNAUL OF THE ALTAI REGION

The indices used in determining bee breeds were stud-ied: wing size and abdominal tergite 3 width; the metatar-sus of the right hind leg was measured to determine the tarsal index. The percentage of individuals with different variants of discoidal displacement (positive, negative, neu-tral) was determined. The data of morphometric measure-ments of bees of 3 colonies are presented. The wing indi-ces in the 1st group of bees were slightly lower thanthe standard values (8.81-9.21; 3.01-3.23 mm). In the 2nd and 3rd bee colonies, the wing length was the same as in the European darkand Carpathian populations in 15% and 25% of individuals. A certain number of insects (15; 25; 60%) had a wing width equalto the European darkand Italian races. The studied bees had the sizes of the third abdominal tergite (4.88 ± 0.030; 4.92 ± 0.030; 4.97 ± 0.033 mm) as in all major breeds kept in the Russian Fed-eration. The tarsal index values (60.43 ± 0.452; 58.62 ± 0.445; 57.08 ± 0.322%) did not fit within the standards of the main bee breeds (54.0-56.2%). There was yellow color of the third tergite (35%; 80%) and all types of discoidal displacement (+; -; 0) in the insects of the 1st and 2nd col-onies. In the 3rd bee colony, the yellowness of the ab-dominal tergites lacked completely, and the positive dis-coidal displacement made 80%. In 3 studied groups of bees, the coefficient of variability was at the level of 1-4% for all indices. Thus, the research revealed the insectswith the signs of the European dark, Carniolan, Carpathian, Italian and Caucasian breeds.

Technology and machine parameters for preparing the soil for sowing cotton

The study aims to justify the design scheme and main parameters of the combined aggregate for soil preparation for cotton sowing on ridges. The authors have developed the technology of soil preparation for cotton sowing on ridges and the aggregate for its implementation. The technology and design scheme of the developed aggregate are presented. The unit consists of a mouldboard deep loosener with a sloping rack and a ridge maker. The basic principles and methods of classical mechanics, mathematical analysis, and statistics were used in this study. The optimum constructive scheme of combined aggregate is grounded. It was established that to provide formation of new ridges instead of existing ones on fields without stems of cotton with the required degree with minimum power consumption working surfaces of inclined deep looseners equipped with mouldboards and rippers should be turned to each other and shifted relative to each other in a longitudinal plane. The formation of ridges to the required degree with minimal energy input is ensured at a width and length of the subsoiler's chisel, respectively 5 and 20 cm, the width of the wing width 21 cm, wing length between 47 and 49 cm, minimum longitudinal spacing between subsoilers 35 cm.

Multi-Objective Optimization of Structural Parameters for Rotary Flow Jetting Tool Based on Orthogonal Experiment

There is no precedent for the application of rotary flow jetting tool in the drainage gas recovery under gas wells. Based on the motion principles of jet flow and vortex flow, this paper designs a downhole rotary flow jetting tool, and verifies the feasibility of the tool through fluid simulation. Next, an indoor experiment device was established for drainage gas recovery with rotary flow jetting tool by the principle of similarity, and the structural parameters of the tool were subject to multi-objective optimization through orthogonal experiments. The optimized tool can achieve ideal rotary flow height and discharge volume. The results show that the proposed rotary flow jetting tool can effectively separate gas from liquid, and produce a rotary flow. The optimal structural parameters were determined as follows: the pitch diameter of spiral body is 45mm, the throat pipe length is 247mm, the spiral angle is 55°-60°, the spiral wing width is 4-6mm, and the nozzle diameter is 15-25mm. In addition, the number of side holes of the throat pipe has little effect on the jetting effect.

TINGKAT KEKAKUAN PADA BETON BERTULANG MENGGUNAKAN APLIKASI RESPONSE-2000

<p class="Abstract"><em>The behavior of precast concrete beams can be seen in the magnitude of the value of maximum load, deflection, moment and curvature. To facilitate analyzing these parameters using the Response-2000 software. The software is used to analyze beams with evenly distributed loads. The output of the application is in the form of deflection values, maximum load, and moment of curvature. This research was carried out by varying the dimensions of the beam and the position of the flexural reinforcement with a span length of 10 m. BU3 beam with a height of 1000 mm, width 150 mm, upper wing height 160 mm, lower wing height 150 mm upper wing width 300 mm and lower wing height 450 mm has a deflection of at least -95,248 mm and BU6 beam with a height of 1080 mm, width 152 mm, wing height 100 mm, wing height 130 mm, wingspan 381 mm and wing width 508 mm having a deflection of at most -114,471 mm. BU2 beam with a height1000 mm, width 150 mm, upper wing height 240 mm, wing height 150 mm, wingspan 300 mm and wingspan 450 mm has the smallest maximum load 81,265 kN/m and BU6 beam has maximum load 93,224 kN/m. BU2 beam has the smallest nominal moment of 1821,036 kNm and BU6 beam has the largest nominal moment value of 2093,920 kNm</em></p>

Effect of Water Temperature to Survival and Development of Larvae of Two Local Aedes Aegypti Strains

Global warming has been reported in last decades. Chang-es in average Earth’s temperature may affect the physiology of many insect species, especially the ones which act as a human disease vec-tor, like Aedes aegypti. In this study, the effect of increasing water temperature on physiological components related to development period, sex ratio, and body size of two distinctively strains, VCRU (Vector Control Research Unit) and Pangandaran. Thirty larvae of each strain kept inside distilled water with the temperature of 25°C, 27°C, 30°C, 33°C, 35°C, 40°C which replicated three times. Observa-tions were conducted until all larvae metamorphed into adults or all larvae dead. Development rate and time were analyzed by frequency dependent mean. The result showed that the optimum temperature for larvae development of VCRU strain was 27-30°C with a survival rate of 84% while it was 30°C for Pangandaran strain, with the surviv-al rate of 83%. Larvae of both strains showed 100% mortality rate when kept inside a container with water temperature exceed 33°C. Both strains showed the highest and the lowest male:female ratio at similar water temperature which were 33°C and 30°C, respec-tivelly. Highest and lowest ratio of VCRU was 1.25 and 0.6, respec-tively, while it was 1.4 and 0.6 for Pangandaran. In general, larvae lived in increasing water temperature showed reducing wing width.