Qualitative Factor-Based Comparison of NMR, Targeted and Untargeted GC-MS and LC-MS on the Metabolomic Profiles of Rioja and Priorat Red Wines

Wine origin and ageing are two factors related to wine quality which in turn is associated to wine metabolome. Currently, new metabolomic techniques and proper statistics procedures allow accurate profiling of wine metabolome. Thus, the main goal was to evaluate different metabolomic methodologies on their ability to provide patterns on the wine metabolome based on selected factors, such as ageing of barrel-aged wine (factor time), prior usage of the barrels (factor barrel-type), and differences between wine ageing in barrels or glass bottles (factor bottled-wine). In the current study, we implement NMR, targeted and untargeted GC-MS and LC-MS metabolomic analytical techniques so as to gain insights into the volatile and nonvolatile wine metabolome composition of red wines from two cellars located in the only two Spanish Qualified Appellations of Origin; DOQ Priorat and DOCa Rioja regions. Overall, 95 differentially significant metabolites were identified facilitating the evaluation of the analytical methodologies performance and finding common trends of those metabolites depending on the considered factor. The results did not favor NMR as an effective technique on the current dataset whereas suggested LC-MS as an adequate technique for revealing differences based on the factor time, targeted GC-MS on the factor barrel-type, and untargeted GC-MS on the factor bottled-wine. Thus, a combination of different metabolomic techniques is necessary for a complete overview of the metabolome changes. These results ease the selection of the correct methodology depending on the specific factor investigated.

REPUTATION, IMAGE, BRAND: CREATION AND USE IN PRACTICE OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF COMPANIES AND TERRITORIES

The article is devoted to the development and marketing justification of strategies for the growth and development of enterprises, territorial entities (cities, territories, regions) using such categories as reputation, image, brand. These categories are considered in the article in relation to goods, companies, territories. The article substantiates the existence of a meaningful relationship between regional product brands and the image of territories. To develop the image of the territories, it is proposed to use the mechanism for registering appellations of origin for regional product brands. The promotion of such goods to other territorial markets will advance the consciousness of local consumers and the name of the locality of origin of the goods, shape and strengthen the image of the territory. This is proposed to be used in the development and justification of strategies for the growth and development of territories. Their implementation will contribute to economic growth and the development of territorial entities.

TRANSFORMATION OF THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY PROTECTION IN CROSS-BORDER RELATIONS IN THE PRESENT-DAY CONDITIONS

The author has investigated the basic principles of industrial property protection in their dynamic development in cross-border relations. The author elucidates the territorial principle of industrial property protection in the context of the necessity to overcome it. It is noted that in most industrial property cases the principle of territoriality (territorial independence of protection in respect of objects of industrial property) is more often used as compared with copyright cases.In fact, States create certain conditions for overcoming the (partial) territorial principle of protection when, at the international level, international protection mechanisms are being developed to protect industrial property. The creation of such mechanisms obliges the States to recognize declaratory documents (international applications) and single sign-ons (international registrations), to provide protection to the facility that has been granted protection abroad (e.g. in the case of appellation of origin or geographical indication registered in the country of origin). Indeed, such an overcoming is conditional, but it always reflects the interests of applicants and rights holders and seems to be extremely important in the modern context of globalization, expanding markets and cross-border technology exchange.At the same time, at the current stage of development of the system of the legal regulation of industrial property in cross-border relations, the principle of national treatment on the basis of unified action of international mechanisms applied for the industrial property protection has been partly transformed into the principle of the international treatment extending the common rules for establishing rights to industrial property on actors from a large number of countries.It would be possible to speak about overcoming the territorial principle of protection if the fundamental principle of protection of industrial property — the principle of national treatment — were transformed into the principle of international treatment.The author highlights an important character of the principle of conventional priority and the need for its extension to other objects of industrial property except for those in respect of which priority is not inherently possible (appellations of origin, geographical indications, indications of origin). The problem of implementation of the principle of exhibition priority has been explored separately.

Histoire et évolution des appellations d'origine françaises

During the 20th century, wine appellations of origin have largely developed to represent a significant part of the wine production of some countries, especially in Europe. The globalization of the production, trade and consumption of wine is a major fact of the 21st century economy. The question of appellations of origin and more generally geographical indications must be asked: Is it a survival 100 years after the first law on appellations of origin was adopted in France? Historical knowledge makes it possible to understand how law, both national and international, has been marked by major developments in this area. Regulations on the origin of products have undergone significant changes over the last century, extending well beyond the wine and spirits sector to cover many other sectors. In addition, international institutions are very involved in the development of this concept, be it the FAO in order to protect and sustainably develop agricultural products from emerging countries or whether it is WIPO or WTO in order to implement protection of signs of origin in the context of intellectual property. Since its creation in 1924 the OIV has been largely attentive to the issue of appellations of origin, in their different forms, (AOP, AOC) and according to the country. It continues to play an important role in reflecting and thinking about the role of legal norms in the globalized wine economy and international trade. A symposium organized in Dijon in May 2019, has commemorated and evoked the centenary of the concept of the appellation of origin in France, bringing together speakers from several disciplines, including historians and jurists, on this theme of the appellation of 'origin. The proposed communication present the main orientations identified during this conference, and in particular the strengths and weaknesses of this concept vis-à-vis the theme of international protection.

La interferencia entre marcas e indicaciones geográficas en el ámbito vitivinícola

The judgment of the General Court of the European Union (Sixth Chamber), Case T 696/15 of 9 February 2017, against EUIPO examines, among the procedural aspects of the European trade mark regime, non-registration of a wine product in the event of non-compliance with the essential, in particular absolute, requirements for the acquisition of a mark in the territory of the European Union. In examining the various provisions at European level which provide for the granting or denial of trademarks and for the purpose of ensuring that geographical indications are fully effective in the European trade mark registration proceedings, this is to prevent holders from incurring any the grounds for annulment, Regulation Nº 207/2009 on the Community trade mark (hereinafter referred to as the CTMR), 7. 1, (j), points out that they are excluded from the register ‘wine marks containing or consisting of a geographical indication identifying wines, or marks of spirit drinks containing or consisting of a geographical indication identifying the spirits, where such wines or drinks do not have such origin’. The inadmissibility of the application for a word mark which contains a geographical indication which does not belong to it and also coincides with other appellations of origin is, inter alia, the central argument of the judicial issue under consideration. The legal question arose in 2014, when a Spanish mercantile company (Bodegas Vega Sicilia) decided to register the word mark “Tempos Vega Sicilia” before the EUIPO which, however, denied the registration of the same because it the term “Sicilia” is part of the protected designations of origin for wines. Hence, the mercantile company decided to appeal in 2015 to the EU General Court, which rejected the appeal by ruling of 9 February 2017, also rejecting, as the EUIPO did at the time, the arguments of the applicant relating to the existence of a family of registered trade marks prior to the registration of the DO or the potential popularity of said family of trademarks and guaranteeing maximum protection of protected geographical denominations and, therefore, denying registration when, when included in a trademark, it was not limited to the product of the said geographical area.