La enseñanza del dibujo entre la orientación utilitaria y patriótica en la escolaridad elemental argentina (1904-1910)

In this paper we study the conception of drawing in public elementary school in Argentina and its relationship with the previous orientation based on education for work and cultural homogenization. We also explore its connections with the patriotic trend towards education in general upon approaching the celebrations for the Centennial of the May Revolution. Likewise, we examine the discipline’s appropriation of pedagogical currents in circulation at the time and its particular interest in experimental psychology and pedagogy. Finally, we review its contribution and resulting tension with school policy under the administration of José Ramos Mejía at the head of the National Council of Education, which sought to form patriotic sentiment in the youth population and adopt new initiatives in artistic education.

New Perspectives on the Union War

New Perspectives on the Union War explores, at a wide array of points along the political spectrum, the many shapes patriotic sentiment took in the loyal states during the Civil War. The essays provide new insights into well-known figures such as Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase, political philosopher Francis Lieber, African American author/entrepreneur Elizabeth Keckley, abolitionist Abby Kelly Foster, New York governor Horatio Seymour, and Attorney General Edward Bates. They also offer the perspectives of common soldiers, of the partisan press, of the clergy, and of social reformers.

Semangat Patriotik Masyarakat Cina: Analisis Teori Relevans(Patriotic Sentiment of Chinese Community: A Relevance Theory Analysis)

Masyarakat Cina terkenal dangan sikap patriotik mereka. Namun semangat ini tidak ditunjukkan secara langsung. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengesan gambaran budaya masyarakat Cina yang boleh didapati dalam sajak Melayu. Teori yang diaplikasi ialah Teori Relevans (TR) yang dipelopori oleh Sperber dan Wilson (1986). Kajian ini ialah kajian kualitatif. Tiga sajak hasil penulisan Lim Swee Tin (LST), seorang penggiat sastera yang tersohor dianalisis. Baris-baris yang memaparkan semangat patriotik telah dikenal pasti daripada data korpus dan seterusnya dianalisis menggunakan TR. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan semangat patriotik yang terkenal dalam kalangan masyarakat Cina telah dikesan dalam sajak yang dihasilkan oleh LST ini. Kajian juga mendapati ada maklumat yang terselindung di sebalik baris-baris data yang dianalisis, di samping turut mengesan terdapatnya kaitan nilai serta budaya dalam masyarakat Cina. Akhirnya, kupasan data dengan aplikasi TR penting kerana hasil interpretasi yang diperoleh adalah lebih teoretikal, bersifat ilmiah dan sah dari segi kesahihannya. Hasil analisis bukan sahaja tidak akan dipertikaikan bahkan juga akan dapat menambahkan fakta, pemahaman dan pengetahuan yang sedia ada dalam kalangan masyarakat Cina terutamanya dari segi budaya masyarakat Cina.Kata Kunci: Budaya Masyarakat Cina, Kesusasteraan Melayu, Lim Swee Tin, Sperber & Wilson, Teori Relevans.

“Patriotism Will Save Neither You Nor Me”

Sean A. Scott’s essay addresses the attitudes of Northern Protestant churches on issues of patriotism and loyalty. Scott examines the 1862 resignation of Presbyterian minister William S. Plumer whose Allegheny City, Pennsylvania congregation judged his pronouncements to be devoid of patriotic sentiment. Plumer’s was the rare case of a minister who placed strict separation between political and religious spheres. Scott depicts Plumer as a man of true Christian integrity, whose ouster demonstrates the complex impacts of the “politics of loyalty.” Scott’s study offers a counter to a historical consensus that depicts northern clergy as at best pro-war “cheerleaders.” His work offers an instructive case of a minister who fell outside the patriotic, Republican, emancipationist mould. Plumer’s ordeal also illustrates the challenges of clergy in the border-states who faced divided congregations and the scrutiny of civil and military authorities.

Arab Patriotism

This book presents the essential backstory to the formation of the modern nation-state and mass nationalism in the Middle East. While standard histories claim that the roots of Arab nationalism emerged in opposition to the Ottoman milieu, this book points to the patriotic sentiment that grew in the Egyptian province of the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century, arguing that it served as a pivotal way station on the path to the birth of Arab nationhood. The book examines the collusion of various Ottoman elites in creating this nascent sense of national belonging and finds that learned culture played a central role in this development. The book investigates the experience of community during this period, engendered through participation in public rituals and being part of a theater audience. It describes the embodied and textual ways these experiences were produced through urban spaces, poetry, performances, and journals. From the Khedivial Opera House's staging of Verdi's Aida and the first Arabic magazine to the ʻUrabi revolution and the restoration of the authority of Ottoman viceroys under British occupation, the book illuminates the cultural dynamics of a regime that served as the precondition for nation-building in the Middle East. A wholly original exploration of Egypt in the context of the Ottoman Empire, the book sheds fresh light on the evolving sense of political belonging in the Arab world.

The notion of the enemy in the Greek operatic world of the 19th and 20th centuries

Opera has been a major and vital element contributing to the firm establishment of the Greek National School during the first decade of the 20th century, following the trends of other national schools appearing around or before that time. The national element has been present in several cases and although the Greek National School was firmly established in 1908 with a manifesto that was presented by Manolis Kalomiris, the Greek operatic world dealt with the patriotic sentiment long before that. During several periods in the 19th and 20th centuries, historical circumstances gave composers the opportunity to express themselves through the notion of the heroic, directing the subjects of their works towards the awakening of national pride, contributing to the nationalistic ideas that were developing during each period. Heroism and heroic deeds of the past were the perfect materials for this purpose.

Empress Elisabeth (‘Sisi’) of Austria and Patriotic Fashionism

In this article, Christopher VanDemark explores the intersections between nationalism, fashion, and the royal figure in Hungary between 1857 and the Compromise of 1867. Focusing on aesthetics as a vehicle for feminine power at a critical junction in Hungarian history, VanDemark contextualizes Empress Elisabeth’s role in engendering a revised political schema in the Habsburg sphere. Foreseeing the power of emblematic politics, the young Empress adeptly situated herself between the Hungarians and the Austrians to recast the Hungarian martyrology narrative promulgated after the failed revolution of 1848. Eminent Hungarian newspapers such as the Pesti Napló, Pester Lloyd, and the Vasárnapi Újság form the backbone of this article, as publications such as these facilitated the dissemination of patriotic sentiment while simultaneously exulting the efficacy of symbolic fashions. The topic of study engages with contemporary works on nationalism, which emphasize gender and aesthetics, and contributes to the emerging body of scholarship on important women in Hungarian history. Seminal texts by Catherine Brice, Sara Maza, Abby Zanger, and Lynn Hunt compliment the wider objective of this brief analysis, namely, the notion that the Queen’s body can both enhance and reform monarchical power within a nineteenth-century milieu.

‘Récupérez!’ The German Origins of French Wartime Salvage Drives, 1939–1945

This article examines the origins, implementation and results of salvage drives carried out in wartime France from 1939 to 1945. In post-war accounts – including memoirs and local histories of the occupation – these salvage drives were understood simply as wartime frugality, a logical response to wide-spread shortages. Yet a careful study of the records of both the French Ministry of Armaments and Vichy's Service de la Récupération et de l'Utilisation des Déchets et Vieilles Matières combined with municipal and departmental sources reveals that these salvage drives were heavily influenced by Nazi German practices. From 1939 to 1940, even though French propaganda had previously ridiculed Nazi German salvage drives as proof of economic weakness, officials at the Ministry of Armaments emulated Nazi Germany by carrying out salvage drives of scrap iron and paper. After the fall of France, this emulation became collaboration. Vichy's salvage efforts were a conjoint Franco-German initiative, organised at the very highest levels of the occupation administration. Drawing on the experience of Nazi German salvage experts, Vichy officials carried out the salvage drives according to German models. Nevertheless, they carefully hid the German origins of the campaign from the chain of departmental prefects, mayors, Chambers of Commerce and youth leaders who organised the local drives and solicited participation by evoking French patriotic sentiment. After the liberation of France in 1944, the French Provisional Government renamed but otherwise maintained the Vichy-created salvage organisations and continued to oversee the collection of scrap iron, paper, rags, glass and bones until 1946. At that point, the government largely relinquished control of the salvage industry.